Defect and Failure

1.

A defect is a detection of an alarm such as loss of

signals, loss of frames, AIS and Excessive Errors

2.

A failure is a defect that persists beyond a maximum

time allocated. It is used to access to integrate
Automatic Protection Switching ( APS ).

57/

LOS : Loss of
Signal
1.

This alarm is raised when the STM-N level drops below the
threshold at which a BER of 10-3 or worse is detected

2.

It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the

signal or an equipment fault

3.

The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing

patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected

58/

OOF : Out of frame

1.

This situation occurs when 5 consecutive SDH frames are

received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2 bytes)

2.

The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Sec

3.

The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are

received with valid framing patterns

59/

LOF : loss of frame

1.

The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a 3 mSec.

2.

If OOFs are intermittent, the timer is not reset to zero until

an in frame state persists continuously for specified
time in msecs

3.

As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section

overhead (RSOH), this alarm is sometimes known as RSLOF

60/

LOP : loss of
Pointer
1.

The LOP state occurs when n consecutive invalid pointers

are received or n New Data Flags (NDF) are received
(other than in a concatenation indicator), where n >8

2.

The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3

consecutive AIS indications are received.

61/

Network
Protection
Linear Protection (G.783)
W
P

1 + 1 Protection scheme

W
P

1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W

1 : N Protection scheme

P
62/

Network
Protection
Linear Protection (G.783)
W
P

1 + 1 Protection scheme

W
P

1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W

1 : N Protection scheme

P
63/

Protection : RING SYSTEM

PPS

2-fiber

Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)

(2F-UPSR)

Unidirectional
Ring / Switch
LPS

2-fiber

MS Dedicated Protection Ring

(2F-ULSR)

(for further study, G.841)

Ring System
PPS

2-fiber

Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)

(2F-BPSR)

Bidirectional
Ring / Switch

4-fiber

(for further study, G.841)

4F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)

(4F-BLSR)

LPS
2-fiber

2F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)

(2F-BLSR)

LPS: Line Protection Switch (MS protection)

PPS: Path Protection Switch (VC trail protection)
MS: Multiplex Section

64/

Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings

Traffic A B

Traffic A B

ADM

A
ADM

Traffic B A

B -> A A
Traffic B A
ADM

ADM

Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B
uses the entire length of ring

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

longer
path

Bidirectional Ring
use the shorter or longer path
increase number of paths
short path traffic
long path protection

65/