FISIKA I - Kinematika

Motion in one and

two dimention
Setyawan P. S - M. Djamil
position
displacement
velocity
average
instantaneous
acceleration
average
instantaneous

Dynamics
The branch of physics involving the
motion of an object and the relationship
between that motion and other physics
concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics
In kinematics, you are interested in the
description of motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion

Position
A

Position is defined in
terms of a frame of
reference
Frame A: xi>0 and xf>0
B

Frame B:

xi<0 but xf>0

One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-axis

Displacement
Displacement measures the
change in position
Represented as x (if
horizontal) or y (if vertical)
Vector quantity (i.e. needs
directional information)

Speed and Position

Position-time graphs

Note: position-time graph is not necessarily a straight line, even

though the motion is along x-direction

Speed & Velocity

Speed is a scalar quantity (no

information about sign/direction is need)

same units as velocity
Average speed = total distance / total time

Speed is the magnitude of the velocity

The velocity vector

The velocity of an object

tells you both its speed

and its direction of
motion.

A velocity can be positive

or negative.

The positive or negative

sign for velocity is based

on the calculation of a
change in position.

Two cars going opposite

directions have the same
speed, but their velocities are
different one is positive
and the other is negative.

The velocity vector

Velocity is the change in position divided by

the change in time.


xtfi
vaverg

Average Velocity

It takes time for an object to undergo a

displacement
The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs

Direction will be the same as the direction

of the displacement (t is always positive)


vaverg
xt134.0sm
Graphical Interpretation
of Average Velocity

Velocity can be determined from a

position-time graph

Average velocity equals the slope of the

line joining the initial and final positions

Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is defined as the limit of the
average velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally
short, or as the time interval approaches zero

x f xi dx

x
vinst lim
lim

t 0 t
t 0
t
dt
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at
every point of time

Uniform Velocity
Uniform velocity is constant velocity
The instantaneous velocities are always
the same
All the instantaneous velocities will also
equal the average velocity

Graphical Interpretation of
Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent to the

curve at the time of interest

The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the

instantaneous velocity

Kecepatan dan Percepatan.

Interpreting a distance versus time-graph

This distance versus time graph shows a boat
traveling through a long canal. The boat has to
stop at locks for changes in water level.
1.

How many stops does it

make ?

2. What is the boats average

speed for the whole trip?
3. What is the highest speed
the boat reaches?


vtfi
aaverg

AVERAGE ACCELERATION

Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an

acceleration is present
Average acceleration is the rate of change of
the velocity

Average acceleration is a vector quantity (i.e.

described by both magnitude and direction)

AVERAGE ACCELERATION

When the sign of the velocity and the

acceleration are the same (either positive or
negative), then the speed is increasing

When the sign of the velocity and the

acceleration are opposite, the speed is
decreasing
Units
SI

Meters per second squared (m/s2)

CGS

Centimeters per second squared (cm/s2)

US Customary

Feet per second squared (ft/s2)

f
i
ainstli
m
l0ttit

m
0

INSTANTANEOUS AND
UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average

acceleration as the time interval goes to zero

dv

dt

When the instantaneous accelerations are always the

same, the acceleration will be uniform
The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to the
average acceleration

Graphical Interpretation of

Average acceleration is the slope of the line

connecting the initial and final velocities on a velocitytime graph

Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the tangent

to the curve of the velocity-time graph

Examples : Motion Diagrams

1

Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining

the same size)
Acceleration equals zero

Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the
same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)

 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same
length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)

Mathematical concept of acceleration,

Velocity & Displacement
constanta

If a constant

If a fungtion of t, let a = t

M
o
t
i
o
n

Free Fall
All

objects moving under the

influence of only gravity are said to
be in free fall
All objects falling near the earths
surface fall with a constant
acceleration
This acceleration is called the
acceleration due to gravity, and
indicated by g

M
o
t
i
o
n

1
2s

y
t92.8m
a

Free Fall - an Object Dropped

Initial

velocity is zero
Frame: let up be positive
Use the kinematic
equations

Generally use y instead

of x since vertical
g

= 9.8 m/s (we use to)

the direction of g toward the
center of the earth
(downward)

vo= 0

a=g

M
o
t
i
o
n

Free Fall by Initial velocity

Initial

velocity; V0 0 Positive or negatif

upward being positive

acceleration

will be negative, g = - 9.8 m/s

If

V0 positive, The instantaneous velocity at the

maximum height is zero

The

motion may be symmetrical

then tup = tdown
then vf = -vo

Contoh Soal :

M
o
t
i
o
n

Martil ditembakan tepat ke atas dengan Kecepatan awal 50 m/s,

hitunglah : a. Berapa ketinggian yang bisa dicapai
b. Berapa Kecepatan ketika tepat menyentuh tanah
c. Berapa waktu yg dibutuhkan dari star ke Tinggi max.
d. Berapa waktu yg dibutuhkan dari Tinggi max ke Tanah
e. Berapa Kecepatan pada t = 20 det dari start.

Tugas Praktikum (TG) :

Perkirakan pada ukuran riel, beberapa hal berikut :
a) Panjang, Kecepatan, dan Percepatan Kontainer.
b) Panjang, Kecepatan, dan Percepatan mobil Merah.
c) Panjang, Kecepatan, dan Percepatan mobil Polisi
pada saat mengejar.

M
o
t
i
o
n

Combination Motions

Tugas Hitungan 1 :
Anggap roket lurus ke atas,
hitunglah :
a. Y = ? Pada phase 1, bila aroket hanya bekerja 30 s.
b. Tinggi max = ?
c. Waktu yg dibutuhkan dari
start hingga roket jatuh ke
tanah.

Directional for the Tugas Hitungan 1 :

M
o
t
i
o
n

a. Phase 1 : a = aroket g = (29,4 9,8) m/s2 (Constant)

look; at t = 0; V = 0 c = 0, than
. . .. .... 1

and

at t = 0; Y = 0 d = 0 too than

. . .. .... 2

From 1 & 2, a is knowen, for t = 1 menit = 60 s

V1 = fix & Y1 = fix.

b. Phase 2 : a become g = 9,8 m/s2 (Constant)

M
o
t
i
o
n

we start on pasca phase 1. So eq 1 & 2 are used.

at t = 0; V = V1 c = V1 than
. . . . . . . . 3 and

. . .. .... 4

By eq 3, on top V2 = 0 t = fix
V1 = fix, Y1 = fix, and by eq 4 Y2 = fix

c. Phase 3 : g = 9,8 m/s2 (Constant)

. . .. .... 5

M
o
t
i
o
n

Motion in two Dimention

M
o
t
i
o
n

v
vvandtan

2x2y1yx

Rules of Motion
Introduce
The

coordinate frame: y is up

x- and y-components of motion can be treated

independently

Acceleration

& Velocities can be broken down into its x

and y components ax ; ay ; Vx ; Vy

Treate

them in self direction, by mathematical concept

to be the fungtion of t a = f(t) ; V = f(t)

Keep
The

in mind g always downward

velocity at any point of its motion is the vector sum

of its x and y components at that point

Examples of Projectile Motion:

An object may be fired

horizontally
The initial velocity is all in the
x-direction
All the general rules of motion
apply

Example problem:
A rescue plane drops a package of emergency rations to a stranded party
of explorers. The plane is traveling horizontally at 40.0 m/s at a height of
100 m above the ground.
Where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at which it
was released?
Given:
velocity: v = 40.0 m/s
height: h =100 m
Find:
Distance d = ?

1. Introduce coordinate frame:

Oy: y is directed up
Ox: x is directed right
2. Note: vox= v = + 40 m/s
voy= 0 m/s
Oy : y

1 2
2y
gt , so t
2
g

or : t

Ox : x v x 0t , so

2 (100 m)
4.51 s
2
9.8 m s

x (40 m s )(4.51s ) 180 m

Non-Symmetrical Projectile Motion

Follow the general rules
for projectile motion
Break the y-direction
into parts
up and down
symmetrical back to
initial height and then
the rest of the height

Tugas Hitungan 2 :
Sekarang Roket (Hitungan 1) dimiringkan 60o terhadap
sumbu X, hitunglah :
a. Y1 = ? Pada phase 1, bila a-roket hanya bekerja 30 s.
b. Tinggi max Y2 = ?

api
t
c. Jarak jatuhnya Roket dari titik awal X = ?
gas !!!
u
T n
n
a
a
k
Bu erjak
Dik
Tugas Hitungan 3 :

Bila Roket yg dimiringkan 60o terhadap sumbu X tersebut

percepatannya tidak konstan, tapi (a = 10 t), hitunglah :
a. Y1 = ? Pada phase 1, bila a-roket hanya bekerja 30 s.
b. Tinggi max Y2 = ?
c. Jarak jatuhnya Roket dari titik awal X = ?

ConcepTest 1
Consider the situation depicted here. A gun is accurately
aimed at a dangerous criminal hanging from the gutter of a
building. The target is well within the guns range, but the
instant the gun is fired and the bullet moves with a speed vo,
the criminal lets go and drops to the ground. What happens?
The bullet
1. hits the criminal regardless of
the value of vo.
2. hits the criminal only if vo is
large enough.
3. misses the criminal.

Tugas !!!
Group :

Soal No :

Group :

Soal No :

I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

52 ; 53

VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV

38 ; 91

51 ; 54
48 ; 73
45 ; 78
42 ; 84
41 ; 86
39 ; 90

Holliday hal : 78 86

32 ; 94
28 ; 95
27 ; 99
20 ; 101
10 ; 107
09 ; 113

See You Next Week

Persiapkan :
Newton Laws of Force