MATLAB Environment: Rate of Change

MATLAB Environment
Chapter 2
Rate of Change
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Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour
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MATLAB for Engineers 3E, by Holly Moore. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Objectives
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After studying this chapter you should be able to

Start the MATLAB program and solve simple problems
in the command window
Understand MATLABs use of matrices
Identify and use the various MATLAB windows
Define and use simple matrices
Name and use variables
Understand the order of operations in MATLAB
Understand the difference between scalar, array and
matrix calculations in MATLAB
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Objectives - continued
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After studying this chapter you should be able to

Express numbers in either floating-point or scientific
notation
Adjust the format used to display numbers in the
command window
Save the value of variables used in a MATLAB session
Save a series of commands in an M-file
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In this chapter well
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Get started with MATLAB

Explore the MATLAB windows
Solve some problems using
MATLAB
Learn how to save our work
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Section 2.1
Getting Started
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In Windows or Apple operating systems

click on the desktop icon
In Unix type
MATLAB
At the shell prompt
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MATLAB opens to a default

window configuration
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MATLAB uses a
standard
windows menu
bar
To exit MATLAB
use the close
icon
Section 2.2
MATLAB Windows
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MATLAB uses several different

windows to display data,
commands and results.
They are not necessarily all open
at once
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Workspace Window
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Current Folder
Window
Lists files stored in the
current directory
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Command Window
Enter commands at the prompt
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MATLAB Windows
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Command
History Window
Records all commands
issued in the command
window including
mistakes
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information
regarding permission(s), write to:
Lets look at the windows

one at a time
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Command Window
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Similar to a scratch pad

Commandyou
Window
Once you hit enter,
cant edit any
commands
You can retype them or use the arrow
keys to retrieve commands and edit
them before hitting enter again
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Command History
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Records the commands you issue

in the command window
When you exit the command
window, or when
you issue the clc
Command History
command, the command window
is cleared
But the command history remains
Command History
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Double click on a command
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It executes immediately
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You can transfer commands from

the command history to the
command window
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Click and drag into the command

window
You can edit the command before
executing
Workspace Window
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Workspace Window
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When you define variables in

the command window, they
are listed in the workspace
window
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Scalar
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Vector
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2-D
Matrix
Current Directory/Folder
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The current folder window is a list

of files
When you try to load information
from a file or try to save
information MATLAB uses the
current folder
Document Window
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If you double click on any variable

in the workspace window
MATLAB launches a document
window containing the array
editor
You can edit variables in the array
editor
New Variable
Icon
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The Document Window

displays the variable
editor
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Figure Window
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When Figures are created a new

window opens
Its extremely easy to create
graphs in MATLAB
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First create a vector of x

values then a
corresponding vector of y
values
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Note: The semicolon

suppresses the output from
each command
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Matlab makes it easy to modify

graphs by adding
Titles
Axis labels
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Legends
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Other types of annotations
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Editing Window
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This window allows you to type

and save a series of commands
without executing them
There are several ways to open
an editing window
From the file menu
With the new file icon
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Open an editing window

from the file menu or with
the new file icon
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New file icon
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Save and Run
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Write your code in the editing window,

then run it using the Save and Run icon
Section 2.3
Solving Problems with MATLAB
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Weve already solved some

simple problems
We need to understand how
MATLAB works to solve more
complicated problems
Variables
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MATLAB allows you to assign a

value to a variable
A=3
Should be read as A is assigned a
value of 3
Use the variables in subsequent
calculations
Naming Variables
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All names must start with a letter

They may contain letters,
numbers and the underscore ( _ )
Names are case sensitive
There are certain keywords you
cant use
Use the iskeyword function

for a list of keywords
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iskeyword
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ans =
'break'
'case'
'catch'
'classdef'
'continue'
'else'
'elseif'
'end
'for
'function'
'global'
'if'
'otherwise'
'parfor'
'persistent'
'return
spmd
'switch'
'try'
'while'
Keywords are not acceptable variable names

You can reassign function

names
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MATLAB will let you use built-in

function names as variables but
its a really bad idea
sin = 3 changes sin from a
function to a variable name
clear sin resets sin back to a
function
Practice Exercise 2.2

Which of these names are allowed
in MATLAB?
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test
Test
ifx
x
my-book
my_book
Thisisoneverylongnamebutisitstillallowed?x
x
1stgroup
group_one
zzaAbc
z34wAwy?12#
x x
sin
bad
log
idea
2.3.2 Matrices in MATLAB

The basic data type
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Matrix with one row and one column
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Vector (One dimensional matrix)
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Group of numbers arranged into

rows and columns
Single Value (Scalar)
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One row or one column
Matrix (Two dimensional)

Scalar Calculations
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You can use MATLAB like youd

use a calculator
Command
Prompt
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>> 9 + 10
ans=19
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Result
Assignment Operator
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To define a variable a we might

type
a=1+2
which should be read as:
a is assigned a value of 1+2
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How is the assignment operator

different from an equality?
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In algebra the equation

x=3+5
means that both sides are the same
In computers when we say
x=3+5
we are telling the machine to store the
value on the right hand side of the
equation in a memory location, and to
name that location x
Is that really different?
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Yes!!!
In algebra this is not a true statement
x=x+1
In computers (assignment statements)
it means replace the value in the
memory location named x, with a new
value equal to x+1
Order of Operation
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Same as youve learned in math

class
Same as your calculator
Parentheses first
Exponentiation
Multiplication / division
Addition / subtraction
Order of Operation
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5*(3+6)
= 45
5*3+6
= 21
100
White space does not matter!!!
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5*3 + 6
= 21
Adding a space around + and signs makes the

expression more readable
Parentheses
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Use only ( )
{ } and [ ] mean something
different
MATLAB does not assume
operators
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5 * (3+4) not 5(3+4)

Compute from left to right
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5*6/6*5 = 25
5*6/(6*5)
= 1
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Heres an example
Find the surface area of a cylinder
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r = radius
r=5
h = height
h = 10
r2
2 r * h
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r2
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SA 2r 2rh 2r (r h)
2
Array Operations
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Using MATLAB as a glorified

calculator is OK, but its real
strength is in matrix manipulations
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To create a row vector, enclose a list of values

in brackets
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You may use either a space or a

comma as a delimiter in a row
vector
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Use a semicolon as a delimiter to create a

new row
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Use a semicolon as a delimiter to create a

new row
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Hint: Its easier to keep track of how many

values youve entered into a matrix, if you
enter each row on a separate line. The
semicolons are optional
Shortcuts
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While a complicated matrix might have

to be entered by hand, evenly spaced
matrices can be entered much more
readily. The command
b= 1:5
or the command
b = [1:5]
both return a row matrix
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The default increment is 1, but if you

want to use a different increment put
it between the first and final values
To calculate spacing
between elements use
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linspace
logspace
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number of elements in the

array
Initial value in the

array
Final value in the

array
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500
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200
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number of elements in the

array
Initial value in the
array expressed
as a power of 10
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200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
Final value in the

array expressed
as a power of 10
500
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200
300
400
500
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200
300
400
500
It is a common mistake to enter the

initial and final values into the
logspace command, instead of
entering the corresponding power of
10
Hint
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You can include mathematical

operations inside a matrix
definition statement.
For example
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300
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500
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200
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a = [0: pi/10: pi]

Mixed calculations between

scalars and arrays
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Matrices can be used in many

calculations with scalars
There is no confusion when we
perform addition and subtraction
Multiplication and division are a little
different
In matrix mathematics the
multiplication operator (*) has a very
specific meaning
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Addition between arrays is

performed on
corresponding elements
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500
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200
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500
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Multiplication between
arrays is performed on
corresponding elements if
the .* operator is used
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500
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200
300
400
500
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200
300
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200
300
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MATLAB interprets * to mean matrix

multiplication. The arrays a and b are
not the correct size for matrix
multiplication in this example
Array Operations
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Array multiplication
Array division
Array exponentiation
.*
./
.^
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200
300
In each case the size of the arrays must match
400
500
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200
300
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500
The matrix capability of MATLAB makes it

easy to do repetitive calculations
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For example, assume you have a

list of angles in degrees that you
would like to convert to radians.
First put the values into a matrix.
Perform the calculation
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time, hour
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200
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500
100
200
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500
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200
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200
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Either the * or the .* operator can be

used for this problem, because it is
composed of scalars and a single
matrix
The value of pi is built into MATLAB as
a floating point number, called pi
More about pi
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Because pi is an irrational number, it

can not be expressed exactly with a
floating point representation
The MATLAB constant, pi, is really
an approximation.
If you find sin(pi) MATLAB returns a
very small number.
Transpose
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The transpose operator changes

rows to columns or vice versa.
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The transpose operator

makes it easy to create
tables
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table =[degrees;radians] would have given

the same result
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The transpose
operator works on both
one dimensional and
two dimensional arrays
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Number Display
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Scientific Notation
Although you can enter any number in
decimal notation, it isnt always the best
way to represent very large or very small
numbers
In MATLAB, values in scientific notation
are designated with an e between the
decimal number and exponent. (Your
calculator probably uses similar notation.)
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It is important to omit blanks between

the decimal number and the exponent.
For example, MATLAB will interpret
6.022 e23
as two values (6.022 and 1023 )
Display Format
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500
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200
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Multiple display formats are available

No matter what display format you
choose, MATLAB uses double
precision floating point numbers in its
calculations
MATLAB handles both integers and
decimal numbers as floating point
numbers
Default
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The default format is called short

If an integer is entered it is
displayed without trailing zeros
If a floating point number is
entered four decimal digits are
displayed
Other formats
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Changing the format affects all

subsequent displays
format long results in 14 decimal
digits
format bank results in 2 decimal
digits
format short returns the display to
the default 4 decimal digits
Really Big and Really Small
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200
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500
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200
300
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When numbers become too large or

too small for MATLAB to display using
the default format, it automatically
expresses them in scientific notation
You can force scientific notation with
format short e
format long e
Common Scale Factor
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200
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For long and short formats, a

common scale factor is applied to
the entire matrix if some of the
elements become very large, or
very small. This scale factor is
printed along with the scaled
values.
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200
Common Scale
Factor
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500
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200
300
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500
Two other formats
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format +
format rat
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500
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200
300
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500
Spacing in the command

window
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format compact
format loose (default)
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The format command also allows

us to control how tightly
information is spaced in the
command window
100
200
300
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500
Notice that the value of A is still

being displayed using the rat
format, because we havent
changed it back to format short
Most of the examples in this

presentation use format compact
Section 2.4
Saving Your Work
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200
300
If you save a MATLAB session

performed in the command
window, all that is saved are the
values of the variables you have
named
400
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200
300
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500
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Variables are saved,

not the commands in
the command window
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200
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500
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Save either by using the file menu or...

100
Save with a command in the

command window
200
300
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500
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200
300
400
500
MATLAB automatically
saves to a .mat file
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If you want to save to another

format, such as .dat, you need to
explicitly tell the program
100
200
save <file_name> <variable_list> -ascii
300
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500
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200
300
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500
Again Remember that the only things being saved are the
values stored in the workspace window not the commands
from the command window
Script M-files
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200
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500
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200
300
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500
If you want to save your work,

(the commands you entered)
you need to create an M-file
File->New->M-file
Type your commands in the edit
window that opens
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200
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400
500
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The file can be saved into the

current folder/directory
It runs in the command window
100
200
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500
100
200
300
400
500
Rate of Change
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time, hour
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Save the file using

the save icon, or the
file menu
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Rate of Change
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0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
3.5
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You can dock the editing

window with the
MATLAB desktop, by
using the docking arrow
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
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0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
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100
200
This arrangement is
often easier to use
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Rate of Change
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I saved this file as

example.m
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
3.5
4.5
Notice that it now appears

in the current directory
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
When I
execute the
file, the figure
appears on
top of the
MATLAB
desktop
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2.5
time, hour
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4.5
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
The figure window

can also be docked
onto the MATLAB
desktop, using the
docking arrow
Rate of Change
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-1
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0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
3.5
4.5
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Notice that the command history

window is hidden underneath the
figure, but can be accessed with
the tab
Comments
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time, hour
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200
300
400
500
100
200
300
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500
Be sure to comment your code

Add your name
Date
Section #
Assignment #
Descriptions of what you are doing
and why
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The % sign identifies comments

You need one on each line
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500
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200
300
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500
Cell Mode
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0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
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4.5
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Enables the user to execute one

section of code at a time
Especially useful as you debug
your code
To use cell mode you must activate
the cell toolbar
Cell Toolbar
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0
0.5
1.5
2.5
time, hour
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100
Cell Dividers
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Be sure to include a space

after the %%
Summary
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time, hour
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200
300
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500
100
200
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500
Introduced the MATLAB Windows

Basic matrix definition
Save and retrieve MATLAB data
Create and use script M-files
The use of cell mode

MATLAB Environment: Rate of Change

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MATLAB Environment

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

After studying this chapter you should be able to

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

After studying this chapter you should be able to

In this chapter well

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Get started with MATLAB

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

In Windows or Apple operating systems

At the shell prompt

MATLAB opens to a default

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

MATLAB uses several different

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Lets look at the windows

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Similar to a scratch pad

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Records the commands you issue

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Double click on a command

You can transfer commands from

Click and drag into the command

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

When you define variables in

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

The current folder window is a list

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

If you double click on any variable

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

The Document Window

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

When Figures are created a new

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

First create a vector of x

Note: The semicolon

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Matlab makes it easy to modify

Other types of annotations

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

This window allows you to type

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Open an editing window

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

New file icon

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Save and Run

Write your code in the editing window,

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

Weve already solved some

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

MATLAB allows you to assign a

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour

All names must start with a letter

Use the iskeyword function

Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour