1

Distribution Standards

What is a Standard ?
It is a model or a general agreement of a Rule
established by authority or consensus.
It conforms to widely acceptable
representative features and characteristics.

Distribution Standards

Standards are formulated after detailed

discussions with
1) Manufacturers.
2)Concerned Departments.
3) Users and beneficiaries.
4)Scentiests , experts etc.

Distribution Standards

Standards help in
1)Simplification ( Variety Reduction ).
2)Easy Materials Management and inventory
control.
3) Quality Assurance.
4)Better means of Communication.
5) Confidence build up in Customers.
6)Quick deliveries.

Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in

KSE Board

1.Indian Telegraph act,1885.

2.Electricity Act,1910.
3.Electricity(Supply) Act,1948.
4.Indian Electricity Rules,1956.
5.Electricity Regulatory Commission
Act,1998.
6.Electricity Act,2003.

Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in

KSE Board

The Kerala PWD Account Code.

The PWD Code.
The Kerala Financial Code. Volume I.
The Kerala Financial Code. Volume II.
The Kerala Treasury Code.
The Kerala Account Code.

Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in

KSE Board
1.Kerala State Electricity Board
Conditions of Supply of Electrical Energy
January 1990.
Board Orders.
Board Circulars.
Conference Minutes.
2.Supply Code 2005.
Right to Information Act,2005.

Distribution Standards

Rule 29 of IE Rule 1956

Construction,Installation,Protection,Operation and
maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus.

All Electric Supply Lines and apparatus shall

be of sufficient in Powers and size and of
sufficient mechanical Strength for the Work
they may be required to do, and shall be
constructed , installed , protected , worked
and maintained in such a manner as to
prevent danger.

Distribution Standards

Rule 29 of IE Rule 1956

Construction,Installation,Protection,Operation and
maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus.

The material and apparatus provided in

used shall conform to the the relevant
specifications of the Bureau of Indian
Standards where such specifications have
already been laid.

Distribution Standards

The Material and apparatus shall conform to the

relevant specifications of the ISI.

10

Distribution Standards

IE Rule 1956-2.Definitions.
(ai)Overhead line:-Any electric supply line
which is placed above ground and in the
open(air) but excluding live rails of a traction
system.
(an)Span:-Horizontal distance between two
adjacent supporting points of an overhead
conductor.
11

Distribution Standards

IE Rule 1956-2.Definitions.
(av).Voltage:-Difference of Electric potential
measured in volts between two conductors or
between any part of either conductor and earth as
measured by a suitable Volt meter.
**Low voltage:-where the Voltage does not exeed
250Volts under normal conditions subjects
,however,to the percentage variation allowed by
these rules;

12

Distribution Standards

IE Rule 1956-2.Definitions.
(av).Medium voltage:- Where the Voltage does not
exceed 650 volts under normal conditions.
High Voltage:- Where the Voltage does not exceed
33000Volts under normal conditions.
Extra High Voltage:- Where the Voltage exced
33000 volts under normal conditions.

13

IE Rule 1956

54.Declared Voltage of Supply to Consumer.

Except with the written consent of the consumer or with the
previous sanction of the state government a supplier
shall not permit the voltage at the point of
commencement of supply as defined under Rule 58 to
vary from the declared Voltage
(i) in the case of low or medium voltage ,by more than
6 percent or
(ii) in the case of high voltage,by more than 6 percent
on the higher side or by more than 9 percent on the
lower side.
14

Distribution Standards

Remember

Use
Standard Materials

Follow
Standard Construction Practices

15

Distribution Standards

Construction of HT& LT Lines:-

Where to Start with Construction ?

Before Starting 11 KV line Work Finalise the
location of Transformer.
Location of Transformer:1) Nearest to the Load Centre.
2) Feasibility of drawl of 11KV line.
3) Easy Road access.
4) Minimum Public hindrance.
5) Safe location.

16

Distribution Standards

11 KV Lines :Choice of Route

1)Shortest feasible route if possible along
Roads.
2)Transportation facility.
3)Minimum compensation.
4) One side of public path.
5) Minimum parallalism with BSNL lines
6)Minimum maintenance cost.
17

Distribution Standards

11 KV Lines :Avoid:-1)Steep Curves.

2)Rock Area.3) Steep Hills.
4) Thick vegetations.
5) School Play Grounds.
6) River crossings.

18

Distribution Standards

Right of Way :

Get approval from concerned

authorities (Such as Town planing
authority,NH,PTCC,Railway etc)for the
drawl of line ,Tree cuttings, Stay
locations etc. so as to avoid further
hindrance to the Work.
Tree Clearances as per site conditions
to be maintained.

19

Execution of Works

Works are primarily classified into 1. Original

works and 2.repairs and maintenance.

1.Original works include all new

construction,additions and alterations to existing
works,reconstruction of entire structures etc.

Classification of Works-(164 of KFC Vol-I):-

20

Execution of Works

Classification of Works
:2.Repairs and maintenance include all the
operations required from time to time to
maintain existing properties in a satisfactory
state .Repairs are further classified as
Ordinary repairs and special repairs.
-(164 of KFC Vol-I)

21

Execution of Works

PREPARATION OF ESTIMATES:No work may be started before a proper estimate for it

has been prepaired and sanctioned by the competant
authority,unless it is so started strictly in accordance with a
special order of the Government(Board) or some specific
reason(article 184 and 185).
(84 of PWD code).The papers to be submitted with the project for a work
will consists of a report,a specification and a detailed statement
of measurements,quantities and rates,with an abstract showing
the total estimated cost in rupees only of each item.These
documents form what is called the estimate.
173(a) of KFC.

22

Execution of Works

The report should state clearly the purpose of

the work estimated for,and other necessary
reason for the adoption of the estimated
project or design in preference to others.

23

Execution of Works

Rate:-To facilitate the preparation of

estimates,a schedule of rates of each kind of work
commonly executed should be prepared annually,..
and the rates entered in an estimate should
generally agree with the schedule rates,but where
from any cause these are considered not
sufficient,or in excess,a detailed statement must be
given in the data sheet showing the manner in which
the rate used in the estimate is arrived at.At present
the rates are based on KSEB cost data (Corporate
planning).
(85 of PWD code)

24

Execution of Works

Types of Works:1.Departmental works.

2.Non departmental Works.
a)Normal b)Deposit woks.
Departmental Works:- Such as Voltage
Improvement works,System improvement
works repairs and maintenance works etc.

25

Execution of Works

2.Non departmental Works.

(a)Normal development such as MG,Normal service
connection etc.
(b) Deposited(funds) works:-Amount deposited by a
single person,or an agency etc.
The agency may be Local body(KDP..old
PPS),MP(MPLAD),MLA(MLA LAD),Other
departments such as SC/ST
development,PWD,Water authority etc..
The rates to be arrived for this types deposited
works is based on B.O. Dated 24.8.2005 and 7.9.2005.
26

Execution of Works

In the estimates for major

works,provision up to 5% of the estimated
cost of the works portion may ordinarily be
made for unforeseen works.When found
necessary,this provision may be utilized for
new items of works which are required by the
administrative authority.
(91 of PWD code)

27

Execution of Works

ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION:It denotes the formal approval /acceptance by the

competent administrative authority concerned,of the
proposal for incurring any expenditure in the Board
on a particular work.It is in effect an order to execute
certain specified works at a stated sum to meet the
administrative needs of the Board.Administrative
sanction is a must for starting a work.The powers of
sanction is as per the delegation of Powers of
officers of KSEB

28

Delegation of Powers

for
Administrative Sanction for original Works of
Capital nature.

Chief Engineer

Rs.50 Lakhs

Deputy Chief Engineer

Rs.25 Lakhs

Executive Engineer

Rs.10Lakhs

Assistant Executive
Engineer

Rs.1 Lakhs.

29

Execution of Works

ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION:(71of PWD code)The works for which administrative

approval should be taken up for execution
only after necessary financial sanction is
obtained,i.e.,Administrative sanction become
operative only after funds are provided.

30

Execution of Works

Technical Sanction (69 of PWD code):For every work proposed to be carried out
,except petty works and repairs the cost of
which does not exceed Rs.1000/-a detailed
estimate must be prepared for the sanction of
competent authority;the sanction is known as
technical sanction to the estimate.

31

Execution of Works

Technical Sanction :(74of PWD code)If in the preparation of detailed

estimates it is found that the cost will exceed
the estimate administratively approved by
more than 10% ,revised administrative
approval must be obtained before technical
sanction can be accorded.

32

Delegation of Powers

for

Technical Sanction

Chief Engineer

No limit

Deputy Chief Engineer

50Lakhs

Executive Engineer

25 Lakhs

Assistant Executive
Engineer

Rs.10Lakhs

Assistant Engineer

Rs.1Lakhs
33

Execution of Works

Definition
Contingent charges or
contingencies is applied to the incidental
expenditure which is necessarily incurred in
running an office.The main items are
common to most offices,e.g.expenditure on
furniture,books and periodicals,service
postage and telegrams,vehicles,electric
current,cleaning charges etc.(@3%).
(69 of KFC vol 1) the term

34

Execution of Works

Definition.
Overhead charges:-These charge includes
Govt.taxes,Additional expenses on labour
etc.These expenses are incurred daily in one
form or other for instance,purchase of petty
items of material,salary of administrative
staff,rent(if any),T.A etc.(@10%).

35

Execution of Works

Definition.
Storage charges:-After purchase of
material,the cost involved to transport the
material to store ,transport expenses on
transporting material to work site,labour
expense on loading and un loading the
material are called storage expenses.(@3%).

36

Execution of Works

Definition.
Supervision charges:-It is the charge for
offering expert opinions on various aspects of
the project during supervision.(@10% as per
B.O.dated 24.8.2005)

37

Estimate format

:-(173(b) of KFC vol1)An

estimate should be prepared in KFC Form 23-Except

when a special form of estimate is required for a
particular kind of work.The general format now applied
is
as below:SlNo
Quantity Particula Rate(Rs Unit
Amount(

rs

Rs)

Total cost of materials(A)

Storage @3%,Contigency@3%,Overhead
charges@10%=16%SOC of(A)
Lorry and labour charges(as per labour
data)
Total
38

Abstract Estimate for Constructing 1Km of Single

Circuit 11KV line with Continuous Earth wire using
ACSR Racoon Conductor and PSC Poles
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Particulars

Unit

Quant
ity

Rate
(Rs)

Amount
(Rs)

PSC pole 9 meter

Channel cross arm 2.4Meter
V cross arm
GI cross arm 1.8 Mt
Bolts&Nuts of sizes
Stay set
MS cleat
Washers
Trussing Tackle
Angle&Channel
Tension set With Single Disc
ACSR Racoon
Provision for coil earthing
11KV pin insulator with pin
Pole top bracket F type
Barbed wire

Each
Each
Each
Each
Kg
Set
Nos
Nos
Set
Nos
Set
Km
Nos
Nos
Nos
Kg

20
6
17
6
45
11
18
86
2
100
18
3.09
17
51
17
30

1450
894
442
408
54
631
30
5
250
25
475
33120
337
120
54
42

29000
5364
7514
2448
2430
6941
540
430
500
2500
8550
102340.80
5729
6120
918
1260

Remarks

39

Estimate for The Installation of One 100KVA 11KV433V Three

Phase Transformer using PSC Poles
Sl
No

Particulars

Unit

Quantity

Rate
(Rs)

Amount
(Rs)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

100KVA Transformer
11KV PSC pole(9Mt)
Channel cross arm 3 Mt
Bolt& Nuts of sizes
Washers of sizes
AB switch
DO fuse unit
11KV lightning Arrestor
Provision for earthing
Provision for Jumpering
Provision for clamping
Fuse unit200Amps
Provision for barbed wire fenicing
Lock &Key

Each
Each
Each
Kg
Each
Each
Each
Each
Each

1
2
8
5
20
1
3
3
3
LS
LS
9
Ls
1

64738
1450
962
54
5
6083
482
868
1622
550
250
331
1610
110

64738
2900
7996
270
100
6083
1446
2604
4866
550
250
2979
1610
110

No
Each

40

41

42

43

IE Rule 1956

82.Erection of or alteration to buildings

,structures,flood banks and elevation of roads:1)If at any time subsequent to the erection of an
overhead line (whether covered with insulating
material or bare) ,any person proposes to erect a
new building or flood bank or to raise any road level
or to carry out any other type of work whether
permanent or temporary or to make in or upon any
building or structure or flood bnk or road ,any
permanent or temporary addition or alteration, he
and the contractor whom he employs to carry out to
erection,addition
44

IE Rule 1956 82

.or alteration,shall if such

work,building,structure,flood bank,rod or
additions and alterations thereto would during
or after the construction result in
contravention of any of the provision of Rule
77,79 or 80 give notice in writing of his
intension to the supplier and to the inspector
and shall furnish therewith a scale drawing
showing the proposed building ,.
45

IE Rule 1956 82

structure,flood bank,road and addition or

alteration and scaffolding required during the
construction.
(2) On receipts of the notice referred to in ,the
supplier shall examine whether the line under
reference was lawfully laid and whether the person
was liable to pay the cost of alteration and,if so,send
a notice without undue delay,to such person
together wih an estimate of cost of expenditure
likely to incurred to so alter the overhead line and
require him to deposit ,within
46

IE Rule 1956 82

..30 days of the receipt of the notice with

the supplier,the amount of the estimated cost.

47

Distribution Standards

Preparation of Route Map.

Joint Inspection of Route with BSNL
authorities.
Preparation of Estimates.
Estimate Reports.
Sanction from competent authorities.
Administrative and Technical sanctions.
Provisional Route approval from BSNL
authorities.
48

Distribution Standards

Construction of 11 KV lines.
1) Erection of Supports.
2) Providing Stays.
3) Mounting Cross arms, Pins and Pin
Insulators.
4) Stinging of Conductors.
5) Jointing of conductors.
6) Sagging / Tensioning of conductors
7) Earthing of Poles.
49

50

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.
77.Clearance above ground of the
lowest conductor:(1)No conductor of an overhead line ,including service

lines ,erected across any street shall at any part

thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low and medium voltage lines..5.8 meters.
(b) For high voltage lines..6.1 meters.

51

52

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.
77.Clearance above ground of the
lowest conductor: (2). No conductor of an overhead line ,including

service lines ,erected along any street shall at any

part thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low and medium voltage lines..5.5 meters.
(b) For high voltage lines..5.8 meters

53

54

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.

77.Clearance above ground of the lowest

conductor:(3). No conductor of an overhead line ,including service lines

,erected elsewhere than along or across any street shall at any

part thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low , medium and high voltage lines up to and including
11000 volts if bare ......4.6 meters.
(b) For low , medium and high voltage lines up to and including
11000 volts if insulated.....4 meters.
(c). For high voltage lines above 11000 volts.5.2 meters.

55

56

57

58

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.

79.Clearance from buildings of low and medium

voltage lines and Service lines-

(1) Where a low or medium voltage overhead line passes above

or adjacent to or terminates on any building the following
minimum clearances from any accessible point. On the basis of
maximum sag,shall be observed.
(a) for any flat roof,open balcony ,verandah,roof and lean-to roof(i)Vertical clearance-2.5meters.
(ii) Horizontal clearance-1.2 meters.

59

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.
79.Clearance from buildings of low and
medium voltage lines and Service
lines (b) for pitched roof

(i)Vertical clearance-2.5meters.
(ii) Horizontal clearance-1.2 meters.
(2)Any conductor so situated as to have a clearance
less than that specified in sub rule(1) shall be
adequately insulated and shall be attached at
suitable intervals to a bare earthed bearer wire
having a breaking strength of not less than 350Kg.
60

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.

81.Conductors at different voltages on same

supports.

Where conductors forming parts of systems at different voltages

are erected on the same supports,the owner shall make
adequate provision to guard against danger to linesmen and
others from the lower voltage system being charged above its
normal working voltage by leakage from or contact with the
higher voltage system; and the methods of construction and
clearances between the conductors of the two systems shall be
subject to the prior approval of the Inspector.

61

62

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.

87.Lines crossing or approaching each

other-

(1)where an OH line crosses or in proximity to any

tele-communication line,either the owner of the OH
line or the tele-communication line,whoever lays his
line later,shall arrange to provide for protective
devices or guarding arrangements;in a manner laid
down in the code of practice or the guide lines
prepared by the PTCC and subject to the provisions
of the following sub rules-
63

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956.

2)When it is intended to erect a tele-communication

line or an OH line which will cross or be in proximity
to an overhead line or a tele-communication line ,as
the case may be, the person proposing to erect
such line shall give one months notice of his
intension so to do along with relevant details of
protection and drawings to the owner of the existing
line.
(3).Where an OH line crosses or in proximity to
another OH line,guarding arrangement shall be
provided so as to guard against the possibility of
their coming into contact with each other.
64

65

66

67

68

69

Clearances as Per IE Rule

1956. Where an OH line crosses another OH
line,Clearances
be as under.-in
Nominal System shall 11-66KV
110- meters220KV

voltage

400KV

132KV

Low& Medium

2.44

3.05

4.58

5.49

11-66KV

2.44

3.05

4.58

5.49

110-132KV

3.05

3.05

4.58

5.49

220KV

4.58

4.58

4.58

5.49

400KV

5.49

5.49

5.49

5.49

70

Distribution Standards

Components of Distribution lines:Supports

Stays
Conductors
Insulators
Coross arms.
Cables
Transformers
Fuse Units
Energy meters
71

IE Rule 1956

89.Service lines from overhead linesNo service line or tapping shall be taken off an OH
line except at a point of support.( Provided that the
number of tappings per conductor shall not be more
than Four in case of low and medium voltage
connections).

72

73

74

IE Rule 1956

85.Maximum intervals between supports:All Conductors shall be attached to supports at

intervals not exceeding the safe limits based on the
ultimate tensile strength of the conductor and the
factor of safety prescribed in Rule 76.
Provided that in the case of overhead lines carrying
low or medium voltage conductors ,when erected
in ,over,along or across any street ,the interval shall
not ,without the consent in writing of the
inspector,exceed 65 meters.

75

75.Joints
Joints between conductors of an overhead
lines shall be mechanically and electrically
secure under the conditions of
operation.
[provided that no conductor of an overhead line
shall have more than two joints in a span].

76

77

78

79

IE Rule 1956

90.Earthling-(1)All metal supports and all RCC and PSC supports

of OH lines and metallic fittings attached thereto,shall be
permanently and efficiently earthed.For this purpose a
continuous earth wire shall be provided and securely fastened to
each pole and connected with earth ordinarily at three points in
every kilometer.Alternately,each support and the metallic fitting
attached thereto shall be efficiently earthed.
(1)-Metallic bearer wire used for supporting insulated wires of low
and medium voltage /OH/service lines shall be efficiently earthed
or insulated.
(2) Each stay wire shall be similarly earthed unless an insulator
has been placed in at a height not less than 3 meter from the
ground.

80

Distribution Standards

Components of Distribution lines:Supports:The supports should have the following properties:i)High mechanical strength to withstand the weight
of conductors and wind loads etc.
ii)Light in weight without loss of mechanical strength.
iii)Cheap in cost and economical to maintain.
iv)Longer life .

81

Distribution Standards

Supports:-supports are made of the

following:-Wooden,Steel,Cement.
Wooden poles:These are made of seasoned wood(teak
wood etc).These are used for relatively
shorter span (up to 50mts).These poles are
generally tend to rot below the ground
level.Due to scarcity of wood this type of
poles are not used now a days.
82

Distribution Standards
Steel poles:These are of following types viz
i)rail poles ii)Tubular poles
iii)Rolled steel joints.iv)A-type poles.
Tubular poles are generally used for strret
light purposes .Other poles are not commonly
used .

83

84

Distribution Standards

Cement poles:These are of two types.

i)RCC(Rein forced Cement Concrete)&
ii)PSC(Pre-stressed Concrete).
RCC poles are heavy in weight and were
often manufactured at the site to avoid heavy
cost of transportation.

85

Distribution Standards

Cement poles:ii)PSC poles:These poles are most commonly used.

PSC poles are cheap in cost ,less in
weight,good mechanical strength as
compared to RCC poles.
Commonly used PSC poles are of 7mt,8 mt
and 9mt.
86

87

Distribution Standards

PSC pole:-(With GI wire and without GI wire)

7mt-250Kg(271Kg)-Rs.960/8mt-320Kg(330Kg)-Rs.1120/9mt-360Kg(490kg)-Rs.1450/-

88

Distribution Standards

Details of PSC Poles

I. Manufacturing, Testing and handling
of poles:
As per IS: 1343/80 -- Code of practice
for
pre stressed concrete
(concrete mix)
IS: 1678/60 specification for
PSC
poles
IS: 2905./66 Testing of poles
IS: 7321/74 Handling of poles

89

Distribution Standards

Design features of 9 M/ 200 Kg PSC Pole.

Factor of Safety = 2.5.
Dia of HTS Wire = 4 mm.
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Prestressing
Wire.
= 17500 Kg /cm 2
Number of Tensioned Wires = 12.
Number of UnTensioned Wires = 2
Weight of Pole
= 490 Kg.
Clear cover to Wires. = 20 mm.
Steel Quantity / Pole = 11.4 Kg.
90

8M

91

92

Section at Bottom
93

Cross section

Number of
steel wire

Bottom

Top

Tensione
d 4mm
dia

Un
tensioned
4mm dia

120kg

245 x
85mm

103 x
85mm

1.20M

8M

140kg

275 x
90mm

105 x
90mm

1.20M

9M

200kg

315 x

115 x
105mm 105mm

12

1.50M

Cate
gory
of
pole

Workin
g load

7M

Depth
below
G.L

94

Distribution Standards
Poles manufactured
: in pretension
method.
HTs wire specification : IS 6003/83
The maximum pre-tension in
4mm H.T.S indented wire : 1760 kg.
Concrete mix
: M 20 (1:1.5:3)
(cement: sand:
aggregate)
Minimum Cover
: 20 MM
95

Distribution Standards

Earth wire used in 9m poles : 8 MM

G.I. wire
(embedded, 100mm Projection at 250 mm
from top and 150mm below G.L)
No joining or coupling in wire
Compacting by spinning , shocking or
vibrating

96

Distribution Standards

Erection of DP Structures

For angle of deviation more than 100 DP

structures are erected
Pits taken along bisection of the angle of
deviation
Different types of DP structures
Stays to be provided with 7/3.15 mm G.I.stay
wire

97

98

99

100

Pin Insulator
F Type Bracket

11 KV Line

101

DP-

102

103

104

Distribution Standards

STAYS FOR SUPPORTS

Unbalanced strain or supports which can
cause tilting, up rooting or breaking of
support
To take care of the above STAYS,
ARE PROVIDED

105

Distribution Standards
STAYS FOR SUPPORTS: Types of Stays are:1.HT stay,2.LT stay.
Parts of Stay: Stay plates(stay Block)@Rs.120/-.
100x100x6mm-up to 3.25 tone.
230x230x6 mm-up to 5.5 tone.
300x300x6mm-up to 8 tone.

106

107

STAYS FOR SUPPORTS:Parts of Stay: Stay rod.

19,20mm diameter -2meter length for HT@
Rs.133&
12.5 mm,16mm diameter-1.5 meter length for
LT stays@ Rs.88.
Stay wire.
7/2.5mm for LT (4kg)@Rs.38/Kg.
7/3.15mm for HT(5Kg) @Rs.37/Kg.
108

109

STAYS FOR SUPPORTS

Parts of Stay:Stay tightner(Turn Buckle)@Rs.125.

Stay insulator:HT (Rs.28)& LT(Rs.16).
Stay Clamp:-LT & HT@Rs.16.

110

111

Distribution Standards

Stays are required

i) Angle locations
ii) Dead end locations
iii) Tee-off points
iv) Steps gradient locations

112

Distribution Standards

Classification of Stays
SINGLE STAY
DOUBLE STAY
FLY STAY
BOW STAY
STRUT

113

Single Stay

114

Double Stay

115

Fly Stay

116

Strut
Bow Stay

117

Distribution Standards

Installation of stays include

i) Excavation of stay pit and fixing stay rod
and stay plate.(2/3 of the Stay Rod to be
dug in the stay pit).
ii) Fastening stay wire to the support
iii) Tightening stay wire and fastening to
the Anchor

118

Distribution Standards

STAY INSULATORS.
IS : 5300 C - Type for 11 KV.
Basic Insulation Level
: 27 KV (rms)
Dry one minute power frequently with stand
voltage
Minimum failing Load
: 13 KV(rms)
Wet
Stay insulators to be located at a Height of
minimum 2.6 M from ground
119

Distribution Standards

Cross Arms:These are made of Wood,Iron,Fiber glass.

No insulators (Pin)are required for LT system if
fiber cross arms are used.
Wooden and GI Cross arms are used commonly.
GI cross arms are.
2line,4line ,angle cross arms,Channel cross
arms,V cross arms,F type cross arms etc.

120

121

Distribution Standards

2line cross arms

&4Line cross arms:Mainly used for LT
lines.
Rate:-Rs.127 / for
2line and Rs.241/- for
4line(with clamp).

V Cross arms with

CBN:Used for HT lines.
Rate:-Rs.442/-

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

Distribution Standards

GI Channel Cross arms:- (Mainly used for DP

structures).
GI channel cross arm 3mt(Rs.962)
GI channel cross arm 1.8mt(Rs.408)
GI channel cross arm 2.7mt(Rs.894).

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

Distribution Standards

Angle Cross arms:-(Mainly used for providing

side arms,cut posts etc.)
Angle cross arm 3mt(Rs.726).
Angle cross arm 2.5mt(Rs.688).
Angle cross arm 2mt(Rs.403).

143

11 KV- V Cross Arm

144

Distribution Standards

Insulators:The most commonly used material for overhead line

is porcelain but fibre glass and special composite
materials are also used to alimited extent.
Types of insulators:Pin Insulator,Suspension insulators,Strain insulators
, Shackle insulators and Stay insulators..
Fix insulators as per IS: 2486 (Part 1 & Part II)

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

Test Voltage of Insulators as per IS: 731

Highest
system
voltage

Wet power
freq.
withstand
test

Power freq.
puncture with
stand test

12 KV
(rms)

35 KV (rms) Pin
insulator
105 KV
(rms

Impulse
voltage
withstand
test

Strain
75 KV
insulator (peak
105 KV
(rms

152

Distribution Standards
Properties of conductors used in Distribution lines
Code name

Current carrying Resistance

capacity for 30
at 20degree
degree

ACSR
Squirrel

70A

Weight
(Kg/Km)

1.366 ohm

85

ACSR Weasel 100 A

0.905 ohm

127.77

ACSR Rabbit

148 A

0.54 ohm

213

ACSR Mink

167 A

0.454 A

255

ACSR
Raccoon

197 A

ACSR Dog

254 A

318
0.218

394

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

Standard Aluminium Stranded Conductors

Nominal
Stranding &
Aluminiu
Wire diameter
m Area

Sectional Area

Approx.
overall
diameter

Calculated Approx.
Approx. Resistance calculated
mass at 20Dg.C breaking
max.
load

mm2

mm

mm2

mm

kg/km

ohm/km

KN

25

7/2.21

26.58

6.63

74

1.093

4.52

50

7/3.10

52.83

9.3

145

0.5561

8.25

164

Standard Steel Cored Aluminium Conductors

Nominal
Aluminiu
m Area

Stranding &
Wire diameter

Sectional Total
Area of Section
Al.
al Area

Approx.
overall
diameter

Al.
4

mm2

mm

mm

mm2

mm2

mm

Kg/Km

ohm/km

KN

Amp

20
Squirrel

6/2.11

1/2.11

20.98

24.48

6.33

85

1.403

7.61

70

30
Weasel

6/2.59

1/2.59

31.61

36.88

7.77

128

0.9352

11.12

100

50 Rabbit 6/3.35

1/3.35

52.88

61.7

10.05

214

0.556

18.25

148

6/3.66

1/3.66

63.06

73.57

10.98

255

0.454

22.6

167

80
6/4.09
Raccoon

1/4.09

78.83

91.97

12.27

319

0.3736

26.91

197

60 Mink

Steel
5

Current
rating for
Calculated
Approx.
30 Dg.C
Approx. Resistance calculated
Temp.rise
mass
at 20Dg.C breaking
above
max.
load
40 Dg.C
ambiant
7
8
9
10

165

Voltage Regulation(

As per IE Rule 54

the LT VR should not vary by more than 6% & Ht VR By 9%)

Calculation :- Distance x Load

For calculating the Voltage regulation of the
main feeder,it is assumed that the loads on
the tap lines are concentrated at the point of
tapping and taking moments about the
section.
% Regulation=(Total KVA Kmx Regulation
constant per 100KVA Km)/100x DF.

166

Voltage Regulation

Diversity factor=Total Connected load/Peak

load.
eg: Total Connected load(in amps)=Total load in
KVA/1.732x11 Amps.

167

Voltage Regulation

Regulation constant for:Conductor

spacing

Power
factor

1.5mt

0.912 mt

Conductor size(ACSR)
Squirrel

Weasel

Rabbit

1
0.9
0.8

0.1219
0.1244
0.1178

0.0808
0.0869
0.0851

0.0482
0.0571
0.0574

1
0.9
0.8

0.1219
0.1233
0.1162

0.0808
0.0858
0.0827

0.0482
0.0559
0.0558

168

Definitions

Load factor=Average load over a designated period

Peak load in that period
Diversity factor=Connected load/Peak load.
LT Voltage regulation=Load in KWxDistance in KmxRc
Load factor x100

169

Polemounted
Transformer
Structure.

170

171

172

173

Installation of Transformer,
Switch gear etc
Phase to Phase clearance at the AB Switch shall be 914 mm
Phase to Earth clearance at the AB Switch shall be 610 mm
Unsupported length of 11 KV jumper shall be limited to
1.5 m and 2.44 m for stranded & solid conductors
respectively
Clearance of live part at transformer shall not be less
than 2.75m
Ground clearance of AB switch handle shall be 1.25m
174

Clearance between AB switch & DO fuse shall be a

minimum of 2.6m
Fencing of the TR. Yard or structure shall maintain
a clearance of 1.5m from other structure with a height
of 1.8m
Lightning arrestors shall be located between AB
switch & DO fuse

175

Distribution Standards

For out door TRs. Installations phase to

phase clearance at AB switch, DO fuse,
insulators etc shall be 910mm and
phase to earth clearance shall be
610mm
Clearance between live part of AB
switch & DO fuse supporting frame
shall not be less than 2.1 m
Fencing with a height of 1.8m & alround
clearance of 1.5m shall be provided
176

The minimum size of earth wire is 14 SWG copper

Earth wire should never be used as neutral
Earth wire should be protected from mechanical
damages
Copper strip of 25X3 mm or equivalent GI should
be run through out the installation as main earth bus

177

Distribution Standards

Earth electrodes should be 5m apart from

one another for pipe electrodes & 8m for
plate electrodes
Interconnection of earth shall be made
using largest size of conductor on the
earthing system

178

Pipe Earthing

Rod Earthing

I.D of GI pipe not

less than 38mm

Not less than

16mm dia if GI
Not less than
12.5mm dia if copper

The Length of rod and pipe electrodes Not less than 2.5m
Minimum depth of electrode in soil
2.5m
179

Where rock is encountered electrodes may

be buried inclined to the vertical.
Length of electrode not less than 2.5m;
angle of inclination not greater than 30
degree from vertical.
Pipes and rods shall be one piece, if
possible.
To reduce the depth of burial, a number of
rods or pipes shall be connected in
parallel.
180

Distribution Standards

The distance between two electrodes not

less than two times the length of electrode
preferably. The resistance of an electrode
decreases with depth but the effect is little
above 3 to 3.5 meter. Earth wires and
conductors -- of copper G.I, steel or
aluminium.

181

Distribution Standards

Effect of Moisture content on Soil

Resistivity
-Above around 20% moisture in soil, the
soil resistivity is very little affected.
Artificial treatment of soil.
-The effect of salt content in the moisture
soil reduces soil resistivity but the effect
is little after 4% of salt in moisture.

182

500

Variation of Soil Resistivity

with a moisture content.

400
300
200

12

100
Resistivity
of Soil in
Ohm
Metre.

5
10
15
20
25 30
Moisture in Salt , Percentage

35

40
183

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Resistivity
of soil in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Ohm
Percentage of Salt in Moisture
Metre.
Variation of Soil Resistivity with Salt ( NaCl )content
clay Soil having 3 % moisture.
184

EARTHING OF DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS.
Five earth pipes of 2.5m length each
should be erected into the ground.
The minimum distance between the earth
pipes should be 5m.
8mm G.I wire shall be used for earth
leads.

185

Earth No.1
Earth No.2
Earth No.3

Earth No.4

Earth No. 5

earthing)

: L.A
: Transformer neutral
: Transformer neutral
Transformer body
: Transformer Body
All metal parts of structure
: Metal parts
: Insulator pins (duplicate
: Stay clamps
: AB switch body
: AB handle
: Supports for insulation etc.
186

Acceptable Earth
Resistance Limits

Domestic Installations: <10 Ohm

MV Industries:
<5 Ohm
HT Consumers:
<2 Ohm

Dept of Electrical Inspectorate

187

5M

N, BODY

BODY,
STRUCTURES
POLE

Transformer
Pipe
N

LA

AB Switch
Handle &
Metal Parts

Position of Transformer
and Earth Pipes.
188

Coil Earthing

189

Pipe Earthing

190

Distribution Standards

Rule 66 Metal sheathed Electric supply

Lines. Precautions against leakage
Rule 67 connection with Earth.
Rule 68 General conditions as to
transformation and control of energy
fencing protection, etc
Rule 69 Pole type substationHand rail to
be provided; to be earthed.
191

PTCC NORMS
Power cable shall be laid through pipes
at Telephone cable and Road crossings.
Along roads, concrete/brick covers with
Markings shall be provided.
Preferably 0.6m but not less than 0.3m
horizontal separation to be maintained
between power cable and telephone
cable.
For identification of U/G cable, route
markers to be pointed .
192

Distribution Standards

For identification of U/G cable, route

markers to be pointed .
Minimum depth of cable 0.75m and 1m
at road crossings.
The angle of crossing shall be 90
degree but not less than 60 degree.
The power system shall be equipped
with protective switch gear such that
duration of earth fault current should
not exceed 0.5 Seconds.
193

Joint inspection of 11KV route at the time

of preparing estimate.
Provisional Route Approval to be
obtained from BSNL.
Detailed Route map of the proposed 11KV
line showing telephone crossings,
location of transformer etc to be prepared
and along with the Performa, to be sent
to the AGM (CP), O/o PGM Telecom, BSNL
Bhavan, Ernakulam, Kochi 682016 with
copy to the Local SDET.
After verifications, PRA will be given by
the BSNL Authorities.
194

An invoice for removal of line, shifting

telephone lines, changing to UG cable etc will
be intimated by the BSNL authorities.
Assistant Engineer to measure the invoice and
is to be passed by competent authorities from
KSEB and to effect payment by DD to BSNL
authority (to the AGM, with intimation to local
SDET.)
On receiving, the local BSNL authorities carry
out the proposed shifting work.

195

On completion of Line works request

for energisation approval is to be sent
to the AGM along with the
remittance details.
E.A will be issued by the AGM normally
within one month.
Decision taken at the Central PTCC
meeting held at Darjeeling on 27.2.03
against unilateral charging of power
lines. Penalty for unilateral charges
after 1.4.03.
196

1. 11KV lines

: 1 lakh

2. 11KV up to 33KV lines

: 2 lakhs

3. Beyond 33KV

: 10 lakhs.

197

Voltage up to 650V Up to 12KV

Min. Clearance between power line
&Telecom line
: 1380mm
2130mm

Mini. Clearance between insulated

Weather proof wires & telephone line
:
915mm

Power lines Cross over Telecom lines.

198

Ele. Rule 1956

Rule 87 Lines crossing or Approaching
Each other.
Who ever lays his line later shall
provide guarding and protective
devices.
Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.

199

Approval from Electrical Inspector for the

energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
Rule 63 of IE Rules 1956
I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the lines
or apparatus are placed in position, properly
joined, duly completed and examined.
Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line or
apparatus unless approval is obtained from
the Electrical Inspector after satisfying
himself that the provisions of rules 65 to 69
have been complied with by the supplier
(KSEB)

200

Distribution Standards

Rule 88 Guarding:
Every guard wire shall be earthed at
each point at which its electrical
continuity is broken.
Every guard wire shall have a minimum
breaking strength of 635 kg .
Every guard wire should have sufficient
current carrying capacity.

201

Guarding for Electrical Lines

Guarding are to be provided at crossings.

Guard wires to be earthed at either end.
Breaking load of guard wires not less than
635kg.
Min. clearance between power wires and
guard wires1220mm.

202

Ele. Rule 1956

Rule 87 Lines crossing or Approaching
Each other.
Who ever lays his line later shall
provide guarding and protective
devices.
Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.

203

Approval from Electrical Inspector for the

energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
Rule 63 of IE Rules 1956
I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the lines
or apparatus are placed in position, properly
joined, duly completed and examined.
Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line or
apparatus unless approval is obtained from
the Electrical Inspector after satisfying
himself that the provisions of rules 65 to 69
have been complied with by the supplier
(KSEB)

204

Protective
Guarding
across Road
205


1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

PROCEDURE
Fill up the proforma , prepare Route map
of 11KV line, Transformer Installation-to
be done by Assistant Engineer
Send to the Electrical Inspector
concerned.
Remit the required Inspection Fees
Inspector shall inspect the site and
satisfy that the rules Are completed with
Electrical Inspector gives Energisation
Approval.
206

Distribution Standards

Details of Inspection Fees.

11KV Line
: Rs. 10/KM
Transformer
: Rs. 2/KVA
AB switch
: Rs. 1/Amp
Earth
: Rs. 25/earth.
Mode of payment
: Treasury Chelan
A/c Head
: 0043-102
Purpose
: Inspection fee.

207

GUIDELINES FOR CABLE TV DRAWAL

1. Ground clearance along street
:
3050mm
2. ..do..
across the road
:
5800mm
3. vertical clearance from lowest power :
1200mm
conductor
4. Bearer wire breaking strength
350 kg

:
208

Distribution Standards

5. Porcelain, tension and pin insulators

used as supporting and stringing the
bearer wire.
6. The bearer wire shall be sectionalized
and shall not exceed 4 spans. Each
section should be earthed in duplicate at
start and points with No. 8 S,W,G GI wire
used Earthing electrodes of 38 mm
diameter.
209

Distribution Standards

7. 130 mm horizontal clearance from pole for

bearer wire and cable. Cables to be bound to
bearer wire at an interval of 1250mm.
8. Operating voltage of booster shall not
exceed 110 v

210

Distribution Standards

GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR LAYING

11KV /LT U/G CABLES

KSEB should be the applicant.

Approval will be given to KSEB only
Required form (form A&B)
questionnaire, Route Diagram etc
should be attached along with the
request.

211

212

213

214

215

216

217