Metabolism

Why Study Metabolism?

Classification of bacteria
Oxygen Tolerance
Biochemical reactions
Acids, Ammonia, Gases

Fermentation Products
Food Products
Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol

Commercial Products
Citric Acid, Plastics

Environmental Cleanup
Chapter 5

Ying & Yang of Metabolism

Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
Photosynthesis requires Respiration
Respiration requires Photosynthesis
Energy Production = Energy
Consumption
Chapter 5

Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose

Synthesis
Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch

Chapter 5

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Chapter 5

Overview of Metabolism
Source of Energy (Photo- vs.
Chemotroph)
Source of Electrons
Carrier of Electrons
Final Electron Acceptor

Source of Carbon (Auto- vs.

Heterotroph)
Auto- : Carbon Dioxide
Hetero- : Organic Compounds
Chapter 5

Classification based on Metabolism

Where microbes get their energy?
Sunlight vs. Chemical
Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs

How do they obtain carbon?

Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs.
Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids)
Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs

Examples
Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs
Chapter 5

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Types of -trophs
Type

Energy

C source

Example

Photoauto-

Sun

CO2

Purple &
Green sulfur
bacteria

Photohetero-

Sun

Organic
Compounds

Purple &
Green Nonsulfur bacteria

Chemoauto-

Chemical
bonds

CO2

H, S, Fe, N
bacteria

Organic
Compounds

Most bacteria,
fungi,
protozoa,
Chapter
animals 5

Chemohetero- Chemical
bonds

Source of Electrons
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis
H2O, H2S

Chemotrophs
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (C H2O)
Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate

Amino Acids

Chapter 5

Electron Carriers
Photosynthesis
NADP + H to NADPH

Respiration
NAD + H to NADH
FAD + H to FADH

Contain Niacin and Riboflavin

Vitamins, not stable
Cant store these molecules

Chapter 5

Final Electron Acceptor

Photosynthesis
CO2 + Hs to CH2O
Stores energy

Respiration
Aerobic
1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2O

Anaerobic
Fermentation

Chapter 5

Movement of Electrons
Chemical reactions
Oxidation Reactions
Reduction Reactions
Reactions Coupled
Redox reactions

Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Example of Redox Equations

Chapter 5

Example of Redox Equations

Chapter 5

Example of Redox Equations

Chapter 5

Examples
ATP ADP + P
Oxidation, release energy

ADP + P ATP
Reduction, stores energy

NAD + H NADH
FADH FAD + H
NH4 + 11/2O2 NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP
2H2 + O2 2H2 O
Chapter 5

Examples
Cellular Respiration
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP

Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12 O6 + 6O2

Nitrification
NH4 NO2 to NO3
Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate

Ammonification
N2 NH4
Chapter 5

Respiration
Overview;
Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water
+Energy
C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy
Oxygen receives the electrons to form
energy

4 separate reactions
Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs
Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis

Requires Oxygen

Chapter 5

Steps in Respiration
Electron Donors
Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred)

Electron Carriers
NAD to NADH
FAD to FADH

Electron Acceptors-Terminal
O2 to H2O

Phosphorylation Reactions
ADP to ATP

Chemiosmosis Reactions

Chapter 5

Glycolysis- 10 steps
Glucose is Phosphorylated to form
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate
Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate
Final Products are:
2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3)
Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6

2 NADH
2 ATP
Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Transition Reaction
Pyruvic Acid Acetyl - Co A + CO2 +
NADH
C2H4O2

Chapter 5

Krebs Cycle
Figure E.3, A29
Acetyl CoA Carbon Dioxide
C2H4O2 to CO2
Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for
/Glucose)
3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP

Metabolic Wheel
Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave
Citrate is product of first reaction
Simmons Citrate Media

Chapter 5

Electron Transport Chain

NADH oxidized to NAD
FAD reduced to FADH
Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to
O2
Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID

H2O formed and ATP

3 ATP / 1 NADH
2 ATP / 1 FADH
Chapter 5

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Fermentation Products from

Pyruvate
Homolactic = Lactic Acid
Yogurt, Lactobacillus

Alcohol + CO2
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
Acetic Acid
Succinic Acid
Butylene to Acetoin
basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)
Chapter 5

Fermentation Products
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
Yeast mostly

Lactic Acid
Humans, muscles without oxygen
Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt)

Butyric Acid
Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene

Acetoin
Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella

Propionic Acid
Swiss Cheese

Chapter 5

Fermentation in Yeast

Chapter 5

Fermentation in Muscle

Chapter 5

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Photosynthesis
Plants
CO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + O2
Water is split to release electrons

Bacteria
H2S is used not water
Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed
Oxygen not released

Chlorophyll is different
Strict Anaerobe
Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria

Chapter 5

Chemiosmosis
Production of ATP in Electron Transport
Electrochemical Gradient Formed
between membranes
H+ (Protons) generated from NADH
Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid)
Gradient formed
ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from
High to Low concentration
3 ATP/NADH
2 ATP/NADH
Chapter 5

Chapter 5

Summary of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis
Transition Rx.
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain

Anaerobic
Respiration
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
Mixed Acids
Alcohol + CO2

Recycle NADH
2 ATP / Glucose
Chapter 5