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AN EXTENSIVE APPROACH
Outline
References
Evaporation
As vapors escape the surface, they carry with them some heat
content of the liquid, and thus cause the liquid surface to cool.
Temperature and pressure of the ambient gas which will accept the
vapors from incoming liquid.
Cooling towers
Cooling towers are used in process industries to cool off effluent water from various heat
transfer equipment e.g., condensate from a condenser.
Cooling towers, in general, cool the water to a temperature below the dry-bulb and above
the wet-bulb temperature of air at the present conditions.
The cooled water is sent back to the process for reuse, thus emphasizing conservation of
water.
Hot water and relatively cool ambient air enter the cooling tower.
2.
Heat transfer between the air stream and the water stream occurs.
3.
Hot water transfers its heat to the ambient air and becomes cool.
4.
Cool water is removed from the cooling tower and sent back to the
process plant.
5.
The resulting hot air rises and is, generally, removed from the top of
the tower by virtue of its low density.
2.
3.
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Mechanical draft
cooling towers
2. Flow configuration
NO.
1
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Counter-current flow
configuration
Co-current flow
configuration
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Combination
of
an
air-cooled
heat
exchanger and a wet cooling tower to cool
off the required fluid
Evaporative condenser
cooling tower
NAME OF
COMPONENT
FUNCTION
MATERIAL OF
CONSTRUCTION
Frame and
casing
SS 316/304,
Concrete, Fiber
glass
Fill
PVC, wood,
Polypropylene
SS 316, Concrete
Drift eliminators
PVC, Polypropylene
NAME OF
COMPONENT
FUNCTION
Air inlet
Louvers
Fans
MEASURED
PARAMETER
S
NO.
NAME
SYMBOL
UNITS
Wet bulb
temperature of air
Dry bulb
temperature of air
Inlet water
temperature
Outlet water
temperature
kg/sec
Enthalpy change
(air passing
through tower)
kJ/kg
PERFORMAN
CE
PARAMETER
S
NO
.
NAME
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
Range
Approach
Effectiveness
Cooling capacity
kW
Performance
coefficient
UNIT
S
--
DESIGN
PARAMETE
RS
NO
.
NAME
SYMBOL
DESCRIPTION
Duty coefficient
--
m2
Height of tower
Diameter of tower
UNIT
S
(b) Determine the effectiveness and cooling capacity for the specified
tower.
Required values
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
No
.
Assuming height by hit and trial method and taking as 5.2, the
base area, diameter, and conformity of the height to diameter
ratio of the tower is calculated as,
Height
(m)
(m2)
(m)
1
1
2
2
95
95
90
90
1709
1709
1755
1755
46.6
46.6
47.3
47.3
2.04
2.04
1.90
1.90
85
1806
47.9
1.77 1.5
80
1862
48.7
1.64 1.5
75
1923
49.5
1.51 1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
9.
10.
11.
Cooling capacity
= 4500 (kg/s) * 4.1815 (kJ/kg K ) * 5 (K)
94083.75 kW
When designing a cooling tower, always use the highest wet-bulb temperature as
reference.
Improve the quality of water to be cooled by the tower resulting in low utilization of
make-up water.
Regularly monitor the tower for scale build-up and biological impurities.
Regularly monitor the flow of water and air inside the tower
References
Literature:
Websites / URLs:
http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
http://www.deltacooling.com/resources/principles-of-cooling-towers/