PENGANTAR ILMU

PETERNAKAN:
INDUSTRI PETERNAKAN DI
DUNIA

Tim Fakultas Peternakan IPB

Tahun 2012

DOMESTICATION AND
IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK

Downloaded from national ag ed site. Author unknown. Edited by Jaime Gosnell and Dr. Frank Flanders, Georgia
Agricultural Education Curriculum Office, to accompany lesson 01.432-1.1

OBJECTIVES

Define livestock
Explain why animals were domesticated
Explain the uses of livestock
Describe the scope of the livestock
industry in the world
Determine modern consumption trends

LIVESTOCK DEFINED:
The term livestock is normally
defined as animals raised to produce
milk, meat, work, and wool.
It includes beef and dairy cattle,
swine, sheep, horses, goats, and
poultry.
Other animals used in agriculture
such as emus, bees, fish bait, etc.
are considered alternative animal
agriculture and are not covered here.

WHAT DOES THE

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
MEAN?
To adapt animals for use by humans
Animals taken from nature and raised
under the care of humans

WHY WERE ANIMALS

DOMESICATED?

To Provide a Steady Food

Supply

To Provide Transportation

To Perform Work

To Provide Raw Materials for

Clothing

TO INCREASE DESIREABLE
CHARACTERISTICS

To Provide Pleasure and

Recreation

Poultry Industry

Broilers
Layers

Importance

Poultry products are relatively

inexpensive.
Poultry meats are one of the best meat
buys in the supermarket.

Importance
Poultry manure as fertilizer.
Organic farming
Premium price?
Rich in Nitrogen and organic material.
By-product feed for ruminants

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/techinfo/4Pst39.htm

World Poultry Distribution

Figure 1. Per Capita Consumption of Poultry

in Canada and the United States

http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/pou4181

Future of the Industry

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Increased biotechnology. Embrex Inovoject

Increased mass production- year round
availability of products.
More contract and integrated production. Larger
integrators.
Increased labor- saving device.
Sustainable agriculture.
Increased attention to poultry behavior and
welfare.
Increased food safety.
Increased quality of products.
Increased consumption.

BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRIES

2000 WORLD CATTLE and

BUFFALO (million head)

India
313
Brazil
146
China
127
U.S.A.
98
Argentina
50
Russian Fed. 27
Australia
26

Mexico
24
Columbia
22
France
20
Germany
15
South Africa 14
Canada
13
Venezuela 12
World Total
1,011

1999 WORLD BEEF and

VEAL PRODUCTION
(mil.metric
ton)
U.S.A.
12.1

Brazil
6.2
China
5.1
Argentina
2.8
Australia
2.0
Russian Fed. 1.9
Mexico
1.9
India
1.7

France
1.6
Germany
1.4
Canada
1.2
Italy
1.2
Ukraine
0.8
United Kingdom
0.7
Columbia
0.7
Total World 49.3

1999 INTERNATIONAL MEAT

TRADE (Thousand Metric
Ton)EXPORTS

U.S.A.
1,677
Australia
1,300
Canada 1,139
Brazil
631
Denmark
594
New Zealand
420
World Total 9,083

IMPORTS
Japan
1,824
U.S.A.
1,679
Russian Fed. 1,200
Mexico
440
Korea
365
Hong Kong
329
World Total 7,353

SIZE & INVESTMENT of U.S.

BEEF INDUSTRY SEGMENTS
Seedstock 120,000 breeders $ 15
bil.
Cow-calf 830,880 operations $ 180
bil.
Feedlot 44,000 feedlots
$ 7.5
bil.
Packers 1,250 operations$ 3.8 bil.
Retailers 250 food chains $ 50 bil.

Dairy Industry

Milk Production in Selected Major

Countries, 2004 in MMT
140
Million Metric Tons

120

Total World Milk Production = 613.4 MMT

100
80
60
40
20
0

Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT

Who are the Major Exporters?

M illion M etric Tons

World's Largest Dairy Exporting Countries,

2003 in MMT
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

49.9

Total World Dairy Trade = 77.8 MMT

11.4

4.5

Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT

2.8

0.8

1.0

Who are the Major Importers?

Million Metric Tons

World's Largest Dairy Importing Countries, 2003 in

MMT
45 38.1
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
2.1 1.9 3.0 3.0 1.2 1.6 1.3 2.7 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.3
5
0

Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT

Types of Dairy Products exported

from U.S.
Types of Dairy Products Exported by U.S., 2004 in Million of $USD
700

Value of Exports

600
500

Total U.S. Export Value = $1,503

M

484.7

612.6

400
300
200

197.8

161.7

100

32.8

13.5

Evap Milk

Butter

0
Nonfat Dry
Cheese
Whey
Milk
Source: USDA/FAS FATUS Database

Other

Sheep Industry

Sheep Enterprises

Purebred
Commercial
Club Lambs
Feedlot
Wool
Milk

Sheep Enterprises
Purebred
Purebred sheep supply genetics for the
development of commercial sheep production
systems.
In general, depending on the breed and
availability, it is more expensive to start a
purebred sheep business than a commercial
one.
Purebred sheep are often more expensive to
produce, and more expense is involved in
advertising and marketing. (Mathis and Ross,
2000)

Sheep Enterprises
Wool
Top Countries
1st Australia
2nd New Zealand
3rd South Africa
4th United States

Clothing v. Carpet Wool

Properties of Wool

Water resistant
Good Insulation
Elasticity
Strong
Felting Properties

Sheep Enterprises
Wool
Shearing

Average fleece weight in US is 8.5 pounds

Shearing process typically requires 2 to 3 minutes

Sheep Enterprises
Wool
Grading
Blood Grade
Spinning Count System
Micron diameter
Fineness
Crimp
Staple Length
Uniformity
Color
Noilage

Sheep Production Systems

Extensive Management Systems
Southwestern Range Operations
Rambouillet type ewes
High Quality Wool, Fast Growing Lambs, 100-115%
Lamb Crop
Limited Supplementation
Predators are a challenge

Northwestern Range Operations

Similar but more feed resources
Larger, coarser fleeced ewes are used with higher % lamb
crop
Black faced rams are utilized

Sheep Production Systems

Extensive Management Systems
Predators

Dogs
Coyotes
Wolves
Bears

Guardians
Dogs
Llamas
Donkeys

Sheep Production Systems

Intensive Management Systems
Farm Flock Operations
Common in the Midwest
Weaned lamb crop of 150-200%
Maternal lines are mated to sire lines

Lamb Feedlot Industry

Concentrated in a confined area and fed high
concentrate diets
Colorado is leading lamb feeding state
Gain .75-1.0 pounds per day

Goat Industry

Goat Products
Goats are classified into 3 main types
1. Dairy
2. Meat
3. Mohair
Within each category there are several common breeds

Dairy Goats
Moregoatsmilkisconsumedworldwidethancowsmilk.
Goat milk has a more easily digestible fat and protein content than cow milk.
Adairydoemaybemilkedthesamewayasadairycow
witheitheramachineorbyhand
Thesamecareistakenforthemilkandthedoeastakenwithadairycow.
Goatmilkisusedfordrinking,cookingandbaking.

Itisusedtomakecheese,butter,icecream,yogurt,candy,soapandother
bodyproducts.

Goatmilkiswhiterthanwholecowmilk.Therefore,productsmadewithit
arewhite,butmaybecoloredduringprocessing.

Meat Goats
Goatisthemosthighlyconsumedmeatintheworld.
Meatfromgoatsisknownaschevon.
Itisaverypopularproductworldwide,andgainingpopularityintheUS.
Amajorchallengefacingthemeatgoatindustryistheneedtocreatea
widerrangeofproductsthatwillappealtomore(ornewer)clientele
consumerswhilestillmeetingtheneedsofexistingconsumers.

Mohair Goats
The mohair goat is a variety that originated in Turkey,
centering around the region of Angora.
The average goat in the U.S. shears approximately 5.3
pounds of mohair per shearing and are usually sheared
twice a year.

Swine industry
The Swine Industry

Vertical Integration
What is vertical integration?
Integrating several stages of production
into single management of one
organization
Seedstock
Farrow to Finish
Packer/Processor

Sectors of the Swine

Industry
Seedstock Production
Sell breeding stock (boars and gilts)
Supply the genetic base for change
Traditional Producers: produce
purebred stock for use in crossbreeding
programs
Hybrid: carefully orchestrated
crossbred

Feeder Pig Production

Maintain breeding herd
Product sold: feeder pigs
40 to 60 lbs.
2 months of age

Farrowing
Process of sow/gilt giving birth
Farrowing stalls:
Protect baby pig
Provide dual heat
Drip coolers for sow
Heat pads/lamps for pigs

Feeder Pig Production

Production Factors
Reproductive Performance
Average of 2.5 litters/yr
Weaned litter size of 10-12 pigs
21 day litter weight- reflects milk
production

Feeder Pig Production

Reproductive Traits are lowly heritable
Must properly manage the
environment
Minimize disease
Provide disease adequate nutrition

Grower-Finisher Operations
Purchase Feeder Pigs
Product sold: market hogs
Sold at 250 lbs
5-6 months of age
Average daily Gain (ADG) 2 lbs
Feed Conversion: 3 lbs of feed to 1 lb of
gain