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PENGELOLAAN SDALH
TEKNOLOGI
PENGELOLAAN PENGENDALIAN
LINGKUNGAN
Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2013
ETIV - EMAS Technical Implementation and Verification 1
RUANG LINGKUP
Beberapa teknologi lingkungan yang penting mencakup
beberapa isu berikut:
- Limbah
- Polusi Udara
- Air Limbah
- Tanah
- Kebisingan
- Pemantauan
Module covers environmental technologies suitable for small
and medium enterprises, public agencies and environmental
organizations, taking into account investment costs and knowhow. Expensive or high-developed technologies might have not
been presented in the module then.
ETIV - EMAS Technical Implementation and Verification 2
PENGELOLAAN
LIMBAH
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
Biodegradasi limbah sebagai proses untuk
mengkonversi limbah dengan proses biologis dari
limbah organik menjadi limbah anorganik.
Proses-proses ini meliputi biodegradabilitas,
pengolahan aerobik dan pengolahan anaerobik.
Land treatment and composting. Land treatment is
the technique to modify the characteristics of soil to
treat the wastes inside this. And composting is the
technique to biodegrade the wastes introducing the
wastes inside the soil, keeping act the natural
reactions of the same soil.
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TIPE-TIPE LIMBAH
Ttpe limbah dibagi menjadi:
Municipal wastes
Medical wastes
Hazardous wastes
Limbah-limbah industri.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Combustion is one of the most used technology to
eliminate waste. Can comprise at same time, different
types of incineration systems.
And finally landfilling is the historical method to treat the
wastes, but many countries have not sufficient land to keep
on involving.
Medical Waste
Packaging and storage, is an important factor of this kind
of waste, for the condition of infectious waste.
Treatment and disposal of infectious waste with processes
as thermal, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing or
breaking.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Incineration, hospital waste incineration involves the
application of combustion processes under controlled
conditions to convert wastes infectious and pathological
material to inert mineral residues and gases. The
incineration systems are the same than other type of
wastes.
Microwaving, chemical disinfections processes,
irradiation processes and plasma systems are other kind
of techniques to treat the medical wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Hazardous waste treatment
Physical methods as: separation, filtration, transition,
distillation, evaporation, precipitation, transfer,
extraction, sorption, membrane separations, reverse
osmosis, hyper-and ultra filtration.
Chemical treatments as chemical precipitation,
oxidation / reduction Ion exchange, acid / base
neutralization and chemical extraction and leaching
reduction.
Thermal methods as incineration, the same systems than
before.
And biodegradability as a technique to convert the
hazardous wastes into a nonhazardous wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Industrial wastes
The methods and techniques to manage the
industrial wastes are the same methods and
techniques that describe the rest of chapters.
Reduce, reuse and recycling
Reduction methods
Treatment methods
Incineration systems
Landfilling
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SELECTING TECHNOLOGY
Options for treatment techniques for the various types
of waste, types treatment equipment, treatment sites
and various waste handling practices all need to be
carefully evaluated.
The selection of available options at a facility depends
upon a number of factors such as the nature of the
waste, the quantity of waste generated, the availability of
equipment for treatment on site and of site, regulation
constraints, and cost considerations.
We recommend the opinion of environment engineers
experts to decide which technique apply in any case.
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PENGENDALIAN
POLUSI UDARA
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Absorption
Adsorption
Combustion
Condensation
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Economic
Environ
mental
Engineering
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Equipment location
Available space
Ambient conditions
Availability of adequate utilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and
ancillary system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal, etc.)
Maximum allowable emissions (air regulations)
Aesthetic considerations
Contribution of air pollution control system to wastewater and
solid waste
Contribution of air pollution control system to plant noise levels
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PENGENDALIAN
AIR LIMBAH
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BACKGROUND
There are several points at which the water quality in a
system can be controlled.
The initial concentration at the outfall can be controlled
by:
Reducing the effluent concentration of the waste input
Reducing the upstream concentration and effluent volume
Increasing the upstream flow by low flow augmentation
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Removal
Treatment
Disposal
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Secondary
(Chemical)
Tertiary
(Biological)
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Primary
Treatment
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Flotation
Separates these particles by their density by the introduction of air
into the system.
Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids, which are
then lifted to the surface.
Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or circular in
shape and constructed of either concrete or steel
It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended solids and
oil and grease in industrial waters. Process will achieve 40-65%
suspended solids removal and 60% of oil and grease removal.
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Secondary
Treatment
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NETRALISASI
Involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to offset
or neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the wastewater
flow, namely, adding acids to alkaline wastewaters and
bases to acidic wastewaters.
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SECONDARY TREATMENT
The most important considerations in neutralization
treatment are the wastewater constituents so that the
proper neutralizing chemicals are used, and proper
monitoring to ensure that the required quantities of
these chemicals are used and that the effluent is in fact
neutralized.
For acid waste streams, lime, soda ash, and caustic
soda are the most common base chemicals used
In alkaline waste streams, sulfuric, hydrochloric, and
nitric acid are generally used for neutralization
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PENGOLAHAN TERSIER
Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit
processes.
Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the biodegradable
organic substances (colloidal or dissolved) in wastewater.
Basically these substances are converted into gases that can
escape to the atmosphere or into biological cell tissue that can be
removed by settling.
Designed to remove those constituents that are not adequately
removed in the secondary treatment plants, such as N, P, and other
soluble organic and inorganic compounds.
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PENGENDALIAN
PENCEMARAN
TANAH
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LATAR BELAKANG
Although this simply moves contaminated soil
from one place to another, it can be of significant
benefit due to improvements in landfill design.
Often early landfills were sited in wetlands or
adjacent to rivers and encouraged contaminant
migration and ultimately exposure to at-risk
populations.
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PENGENDALIAN
KEBISINGAN
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
LATAR BELAKANG
Noise pollution is traditionally not placed among the top
environmental problems facing the society; however, it is one
of the more frequently encountered sources
Sources of noise pollution are extremely diverse and are
constantly increasing as more and more noise-generating
products become available to consumers.
An estimated 6% citizens are exposed to noise that poses a
threat to their hearing.
In today's mechanized world it is virtually impossible for an
active person to avoid exposure to potentially harmful sound
levels.
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
General control measures include alteration of
machines and equipment to gather up-dated
machinery regarding noise prevention.
Noise can be tackled through:
Reduction
at source
Change to quieter
Prevention or
methods
reduction of propagation
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Reduction
at source
KONTROL KEBISINGAN
It is often possible to reduce noise radiation from
production equipment, material handling, and work in
progress; for example by damping sound radiating panels,
quietening power sources and transmissions, and reducing
noise from compressed air exhausts.
Sometimes machine alterations or enclosures do not give
sufficiently good results, and if it is the work process itself
which causes intense noise it can be difficult to predict the
results of noise control measures.
In such cases effort might be better aimed at changing the
working methods and processes themselves.
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Change to quieter
methods
KONTROL BISING
Changing the method of work is the only way to get to grips with
noise generation; it requires that production equipment or part
of it must be replaced and one must be aware of the availability
of less noisy equipment for both production and material
handling.
Requires cooperation between the buyer, supplier, designer, and
safety organization.
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
Prevention or
reduction of propagation
KONTROL BISING
Prevent propagation to avoid noise pollution can result
economically more efficient than corrective measures.
The noise in a workshop is often dominated by a relatively small
number of intense noise sources.Try to enclose all noise sources
points or keep them away from workers in the same room.
By setting up sound absorbing ceiling and wall panels, noise
levels within the room far from the noise sources can be
reduced.
Alteration and replacement of production equipment may mean
that personnel monitoring this machinery do not need to be in its
vicinity if monitoring can be carried out in a sound insulated
control room.
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
ARAHAN KEBISINGAN
For all noise control efforts a target noise level must be
set.
A highest level must
Type of room
Highes sound level
be defined for each
guideline (dB)
place of equipment or room
Conference room
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Office
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Laboratory, measurement
room
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Canteen
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Changing room
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Repair shop
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Production areas
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
TIP-TIP KONTROL BISING
Machinery have to be adapted to new normative, relevant materials
of the machines are key to ensure appropriate noise levels.
Existing equipment must be attenuated without complicated
operations.
Handling material can be done by consider choosing conveyor
belts and controlling the speed of conveyor belt transports.
Enclosure of machines can reduce noise levels at its source very
effectively.
Attenuation by using absorbent materials is one of the key
techniques to ensure that rooms and workshops do not
communicate noise pollution to each other. To ensure so, best
practices are providing sound isolated rooms.
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PENGENDALIAN KEBISINGAN
HASIL-HASIL KONTROL BISING
Mounting an absorbent roof or ceiling in a room will in general
give a noise reduction of between 3 and 5 dB. Exceptionally, up to
10 dB can be obtained.
Damping of vibration of small production machines by applying
damping material can give between 3 and 10 dB attenuation.
Factory-made screens can reduce noise from between 5 and 15
dB.
Leakage where pipes pass through walls as well as acoustic leaks
between walls, screens or enclosures, can produce large
variations in the attenuation achieved. It is therefore important to
seal air gaps carefully.
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PEMANTAUAN
LINGKUNGAN
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
LATAR BELAKANG
In many instances, we are unaware that a problem exists
until harm has been done. Damage may be in the form of
disease to the surrounding population or destruction of the
surrounding ecosystem. Monitoring problem areas or
potential problem areas can help to limit future damage.
Before beginning any sampling program, background
research must be conducted to determine:
- proper equipment for both sampling and personal
protection,
- proper sampling methodology and analytical methods,
and
- appropriate health and safety practices to be employed.
This is especially important when handling materials
which may be hazardous or radioactive.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
MEMILIH METODE
Methods used to obtain data regarding contamination of soil, air, and
water , have to take into account the following factors:
1. The program objective (documenting exposures. determining
regulatory compliance
2. The type of material to be sampled (soil, vegetation, air, water,
sludge, etc.).
3. The physical and chemical properties of the contaminant.
4. Other contaminants that affect the results.
5. Regulatory requirements and safety
6. Costs
7. Reliability.
8. Scale of sample area (small-scale site related to individual
persons versus a large-scale site).
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING
Several factors must be accomplished to carry on an adequate
sampling practice:
samples must represent the conditions existing at the point
taken.
samples must be of sufficient volume and must be taken
frequently enough to permit reproducibility of testing
requisite for the desired objective, as conditioned by the
method of analysis to be employed.
the samples must be collected, packed, shipped, and
manipulated prior to analysis in a manner that safeguards
against change in the particular constituents or properties to
be examined.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING AIR
Water sampling methodologies include:
- Grab sample
- Composite sample
- Continuous flowing sample
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING AIR
Continuous flowing sample, from one or more sampling
sites, suitable for on-stream analysers. Applicable to
sampling water from sources such as wells, rivers, streams,
lakes, oceans, and reservoirs on a continual basis for
chemical, physical, or radiological analyses
Peralatan yang digunakan :
- Delivery valve or pump.
- Piping system.
- Flow regulation system
- Waste disposal system.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
PEMANTAUAN GROUNDWATER
1. It is developed by delineating contamination plumes, and
establishing the integrity of hazardous material management
facilities.
2. Goal in sampling groundwater monitoring wells is to obtain
samples that are truly representative of the aquifer or
groundwater in question.
3. Water that stands within a monitoring well for a long period of
time may become unrepresentative of formation water because
chemical or biochemical change may cause water-quality
alterations; and even if it is unchanged from the time it entered
the well, the stored water may not be representative of formation
water at the time of sampling.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING TANAH
Two portions of the soil that are important to the environmental
scientist:
- 0-15 cm layer
- Upper meter
The surface layer (0-15 cm) reflects the deposition of airborne
pollutants, especially those recently deposited pollutants.
Pollutants that have been deposited by liquid spills or by longterm deposition of water-soluble materials may be found at depths
ranging up to several meters. Plumes emanating from hazardous
waste dumps or from leaking storage tanks may be found at
considerable depths.
The methods of sampling each of these are slightly different, but
all make use of one of two basic techniques.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
PERLENGKAPAN SAMPLING TANAH
Samples can be collected with some form of core
sampling or auger device, or they may be collected by use
of excavations or trenches. In the latter case, the samples
are cut from the soil mass with spades or short punches.
Techniques that are utilized should be closely coordinated
with the analytical laboratory in order to meet the specific
requirements of the analytical methods used.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING TANAH PERMUKAAN
Use of a punch or thin-walled steel tube that is 15-20 cm long to
extract short cores from the soil. Tube is driven into the soil with a
wooden mallet; the core and the robe are extracted; and the soil is
pushed out of the tube into a stainless steel mixing bowl.
Using a seamless steel ring, approximately 15-30 cm in diameter,
the ring is driven into the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm. The ring is
extracted as a soil-ring unit, and the soil is removed for analysis.
Perhaps the most undesirable sample collection device is the
shovel or scoop. Often used in agriculture, but where samples are
being taken for chemical pollutants, the inconsistencies are to be
great.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING PERMUKAAN DANGKAL
Sampling pollutants that have moved into the lower soil
horizons requires the use of a device that will extract a
longer core than can be obtained with the short probes or
punches.
Three basic methods are used for sampling these deeper
soils
- Soil probes or soil augers
- Power-driven corers
- Trenching
Samples should be collected at least every 1.5 m or in each
distinct stratum. Additional samples should be collected
where sand lenses or thin silt and sand lovers appear in the
profile.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING UDARA
Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled
conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the airsampling program must often be based on the statistical
theory of probability.
Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements
over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be
considered representative.
Choice of sampling techniques and measurement
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all
depend on the objectives of the monitoring program
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
TUJUAN SAMPLING UDARA
TREND
ANALYSIS
HEALTH and
VEGETATION
EFFECTS STUDIES
POLLUTION
ABATEMENT
PROGRAMS
ANALYSIS
AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA and
STANDARD
SETTING
AIR SAMPLING
OBJECTIVES
BACKGROUND
EVAUATIONS
ACTIVATION of
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
CONTROL
REGULATIONS
ENFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT of
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
STRATEGIES
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
FAKTOR SAMPLING UDARA
1. The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of the
area, as well as the contaminant measured, must be
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
required in the area.
2. A map of the locations of the sampling stations is desirable in
describing the sampling station.
3. Multiple samplers or monitors operating simultaneously
upwind and downwind from the source are often very valuable
and efficient.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
ARAHAN SAMPLING UDARA
1. The height of the inlet to the sampling duct should normally be
from 2.5 to 5 m above ground whenever possible.
2. Height of the inlet above the sampling station structure or
vegetation adjacent to the station should be greater than 1 m.
3. Sampling should preferably be through a vertical inlet with an
inverted cone over the opening.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
ARAHAN SAMPLING UDARA
1. For access to representative ambient air in the area sampled, the
elevation angle from the inlet to the top of nearby buildings
should be less than 30.
2. To be representative of the area in which a large segment of the
population is exposed to contaminants emitted by automobiles,
the inlet should be at a distance greater than 15 m from the
nearest high-volume traffic artery.
3. Photochemical oxidants or ozone samplers should be located at
distances greater than 50 m from high-volume-traffic locations.
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PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN
SAMPLING KEBISINGAN
1. Untuk menghindari polusi bising, sangat
relevan untuk memiliki estimasi yang tepat
tingkat kebisingan di tempat kerja melalui
teknik modern dan akurat dan alat ukurnya.
2. Kebisingan latar-belakang sangat relevan bagi
pabrik-pabrik yang terletak di sekitar jalan raya
utama, dekat dengan bandara.
3. Sound-level-meter paling baik digunakan
melekat pada orang yang terpapar bising.
4. Sampling Kebisingan harus
mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor internal dan
eksternal tempat kerja
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