I

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N

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O O BA
I
T N D
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TRN H A
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(K

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N
A
Y
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G
A
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A IG
K A
D

G
N

The Machu Picchu in Peru is

a legacy of which American
civilization?
a. Dravidians
b. Incas
c. Olmecs
d. Mayans

Ataturk (literally Father of the

Turks) modernized Turkey and
forced through an ambitious
program of radical reforms
between 1923 and 1938. Ataturks
real name is:

a. Ayatollah Khomeini
b. Mustafa Kemal
c. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
d. Gamal Abdel Nasser

Which statement best summarizes

the view of knowledge held by
thinkers during the Scientific
Revolution?
a. Scientific knowledge arises out of
inquiry and investigation.
b. Scientific knowledge must fit the
teachings of the Church.
c. Scientific knowledge is based on the
learning of the ancient Greeks.
d. It is impossible to gain scientific
knowledge through human reason.

Nigerian writer and author of the

famous novel Things Fall Apart
(1959), who described the effects
of imperialism on traditional Ibo
society in Africa.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Jawaharlal Nehru
Henry Stanley
Chinua Achebe
Cecil Rhodes

E
S
N
KO O
A IN
G M
M R
TE

O
T
P

AT

HISTORY TEACHING
History teaching is defined
as the transmission of
historical knowledge to
people who do not yet
have such knowledge
It occurs in various places
and opportunities in the
classrooms, museums,
and historic sites; and in
different forms (print,
media, websites, and
documentaries).
(AHA, 2011).

KONTEKSTO
Context
the circumstances
that form the
setting for an event,
statement, or idea,
and in terms of
which it can be fully
understood and
assessed.

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

KONTEKSTONG PANGKASAYSAYAN
Historical context - the
political, social,
cultural, and
economic
environment related
to historical moments,
events, and trends.
Historical artifacts
and sources were
created within
particular worlds and
are tied to the
political, social, and
economic conditions
of those worlds.

PAST
consists
of
particular
events in space and
time which are no
longer
happening,
cannot be apprehended
by
mathematical
thinking.

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

KRONOLOHIYA
Chronology is the
arrangemen
t of facts
and events
in the order
of time.

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

PERYODISASYON/ PAGPAPANAHON
Periodization is the
attempt to categorize
universal history or
divide time into named
blocks. The result is
descriptive abstraction
that provide convenient
terms for periods of
time with relatively
stable characteristics.
However, determining
the precise beginning
and ending to any
"period" is often
arbitrary.

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

PERYODISASYON/ PAGPAPANAHON

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

PERYODISASYON/ PAGPAPANAHON

A SENSE OF TIME
the faculty by which the essence, particular
and passage of time is appreciated.

UNITS OF TIME
24 hours
7 days

1 day
one week

4 weeks

one month

12 months

one year

10 years

one decade

10 decades

1 year
10 years

one century 100 years

10 centuries millennium

1000 years

FIVE HUNDRED TWENTY FIVE THOUSAND

SIX HUNDRED MINUTES

A SENSE OF TIME

*Not to
scale

Year 1

1700

1800

1900

1975

2000

Present
2014

A SENSE OF TIME
Early writers divided timelines into two
parts.
B.C. (Before Christ) and A.D. (Anno
Domini)

Before
Christ

Anno
Domini

A SENSE OF TIME

Emergence of First
Civilizations
(Asia, Africa)
3200 BCE-256 BCE
Before
Christ

Present
2014

Anno
Domini

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

A SENSE OF TIME
Culturally sensitive writers tried to
change the system of writing dates as
not to focus mainly on a Christian
timeline.
B.C. B.C.E. (Before the Common Era);
A.D. C.E. (Common Era)

KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

A
L
U

M
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N AY
A
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IT S A
N A
U
Y GK
N


Paksa:
Mga Teorya ukol sa Pinagmulan ng
Daigdig
Mga Teorya ukol sa Pinagmulan ng Tao
Mga Unang Kabihasnan sa Mesopotamia
at Fertile Crescent

YUNIT I: ANG SIMULA NG KASAYSAYAN

The Great Debate: Religion vs. Science

MGA TEORYA UKOL SA PINAGMULAN NG

DAIGDIG AT TAO

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Astronomers estimate that the universe has been
in existence for 15 billion years, plus or minus a
few billion.
To make this awesome history more
understandable, Carl Sagan devised a calendar
that condenses this span into a single year.
Scale would be
24 days: 1 billion years; 1 second: 475 years

Date

Event

January 1

Big Bang or
beginning of the universe
Milky Way

May 1
September
25
December
31, 10:30
p.m.

Origin of Life on earth

the first humanlike primates
appear

Sagans compression of history provides us with a manageable

way to compare the short span of human existence with the
total time span of the universe. Humanlike beings have been
around for only about 90 minutes out of a 12-month
period!

Creationism
The Book of Genesis

MGA TEORYA UKOL SA PINAGMULAN NG TAO

MGA TEORYA UKOL SA PINAGMULAN NG TAO

CONTEXT OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) father of
Taxonomy. Classified plants and animals in a systema
naturae, which places humans in the same order
(Primates) as apes and monkeys.
Charles Darwin (1809- 1882)
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection*(1859)
The Descent of Man (1871)
*natural selection variation, heritability and differential reproductive
success

Some 55 million
to 65 million
years ago

The first primates appeared. They were

ancestral to all living primates, including
monkeys, apes, and humans.

35 million years
ago

The first monkeys and apes appeared.

15 million years
ago

The immediate apelike ancestors of

humans probably emerged.

4 million years
ago

First humanlike beings appeared.

100,000 years
ago

Modern-looking humans evolved.

*natural selection variation,

heritability and differential
reproductive success

UNDERSTANDING EARTH
James Hutton (1726- 1797) geologist
proposed the Law of Uniformitarianism.
This idea oh Hutton was later explained
by British Geologist Charles Lyell (17971875), in his volumes of Principles of
Geology (1830-33).
Law of Uniformitarianism - all geological
changes, both ancient and modern,
happen because of uniform processes
rather than special catastrophes. This
concept suggested that the earth is
constantly being shaped and reshaped
by natural forces that have operated
over a vast period of time.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

(ALFRED WEGENER)

Pangaea super continent 225 mya

Cretaceous period (ca. 135 mya)
Laurasia (includes Eurasia and North
America)
Gondwanaland (Africa, South America,
India, Australia, and Antartica)
Paleocene period (ca. 65 mya)
Gonwanaland broke apart

Primates

Australopithec
us

Homo habilis

a member of the mammalian order

Primates, divided into two suborders of
prosimians (literally premonkeys,
includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers) and
anthropoids (includes monkey, apes, and
humans.)
the first definite hominid; genus of
Pliocene (geological epoch 5.2 million to 1.
6 million years ago) and Pleistocene
(geological epoch started 1.6 million years
ago and according to some, continues to
the present. During this period, glaciers
have often covered much of the earths
surface and humans became the dominant
life form.)

early species belonging to our genus,

Homo (genus to which modern humans and
their ancestors belong), with cranial
capacities averaging about 630-640 cc,
about 50 % of the brain capacity of modern
humans. Dating from about 2 million years
ago.

Homo
the first hominid species to be widely
erectus distributed in the Old World. The earliest
finds are possibly 1.8 million years old.

The brain (averaging 895-1040 cc) was

larger than that found in any of the
australopithecines or H. habilis but
smaller than the average brain of a
modern human.

Homo
All living people belong to one biological
sapiens species, Homo sapiens, which mean that
all human populations on earth can

successfully interbreed. The first Homo

sapiens may have emerged by 200,000
years ago.

Homo
Modern-looking humans, undisputed
sapiens examples of which appeared about
sapiens 50,000 years ago; may have appeared
earlier.

MGA UNANG KABIHASNAN SA

MESOPOTAMIA AT FERTILE CRESCENT

Mesopotamia
Sa pagitan ng 3500 hanggang 3000 BCE,
napaunlad ng mga Sumerian ang kanilang
pamayanan at naging kauna-unahang
dakilang sibilisasyon sa Tigris-Euprates.
Ilan sa mga mahahalagang lungsod nito
ang Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Nippur at
Kish.

MGA UNANG KABIHASNAN SA

MESOPOTAMIA AT FERTILE CRESCENT

Pamahalaan. Teokarasya ang porma ng

pamahalaan ng Kabihasnang Sumer. Ito
ay pinamumunuan ng isang paring-hari.
Bilang katiwala ng diyos, sila ang
nangangalaga sa pader ng siyudad,
nangongolekta ng ani, at namamahala
sa sistema ng irigasyon. Ang pinuno
ang
nagpapasaya
kung
papaano
padadaanin o titipunin ang tubig baha.
Nagsasagawa din siya ng pagsasaayos
ng isang sistemang ng pag-iimpok ng
tubig na kanilang ipinamamahagi sa
mga
magsasaka
sa
panahon
ng
tagtuyot. Siya ang namumuno sa mga
digmaan at nagpapatupad ng batas.

Kabuhayan.
Malaking
bahagi
ng
kabuhayan ng mga taga-Sumer ang
pagtatanim.
Nagpapatubo
sila
ng
wheat, barley, dates at millet. Nagaalaga din sila ngmga baboy, kambing,
cattle, at tupa para sa balat, damit at
pagkain. Ito ang bumubuhay sa buong
lipunan. Ngunit marami din ibang mga
gawain/trabaho ang matatagpuan sa
mga lungsod-estado gaya ng artisan at
mangangalakal.
Sa
katunayan,
nakikipagkalakalan din sila. May mga
archaelogist ang nakatagpo ng mga
kalakal na saklaw ng mga lungsodestado ng Sumer na buhat pa sa Ehipto
at India.

Teknolohiya. Kahanga-hanga ang ilan sa

mga konsepto at teknolohiya na
kanilang isinagawa para sa kanilang
panahon. Nakaimbento sila ng paraan
ng pagsusulat ng kanilang wika.
Tinawag itong cuneiform (mula sa Latin
na cuneus). Mayroon din silang
batayang konsepto sa algebra at
geometry. Ang pamantayan ng kanilang
ay sa anim, at hinahati ang isang oras
sa 60 na minuto at ang bilog sa 360
degrees. May teknolohiya din sila sa
pagsasama ng copper at tin upang
bumuo ng bronse, isang alloy na mas
matigas kaysa sa unang dalawa na
maaaring gamitin bilang sandata at

Lipunan. Ang lipunan ng mga Sumerian ay

umiikot sa loob ng mga lungsod-estado. Ang
bawat lungsod-estado ay may natatanging
hirarkiyang panlipunan. Binubuo ito ng tatlong
uri ang aristokrasya, ang karaniwang
mamamayan at ang mga alipin.
Ang pinakamataas na uri ay binubuo ng mga
mayayaman at naghaharing pamilya,
pangunahing opisyal at mga punong pari at
mula sa uring ito ay nagtatalaga ng mga
tagapayo, ambassador, heneral at iba pang
matataas na tungkulin.
Ang karaniwang mamamayan ang nasa gitnang
uri. Sila ay binubuo ng mga mababang mga pari
at eskribano, mga artisan, mangangalakal, may
lupang magsasaka, karpentero, tagagawa ng
brick at iba pang gawaing ispeyalisado.
Sa ibabang bahagi ng lipunan ang mga alipin.
Ang bawat lungsod-estado ay mayroong 12,000

Royal Standard ng Ur

A
S N
IG YO
D IS
IG S
A N
D A
G TR
N G
A
:
N
I
I N
IT HO
N A
YU AN
P


Paksa:

Kasaysayang Pampulitika sa Greece at

Rome
Pangkat ng mga American Indian
Mga Pulo sa Pacific
Kapapahan

GREECE

Ancient Greece
(1750 BC- 133
BC)

ROME
Ancient Rome and
the Rise of
Christianity
(509 BCE CE
476)

KASAYSAYANG PAMPULITIKA SA GREECE AT

ROME


Greece at Rome

KASAYSAYANG PAMPULITIKA SA GREECE AT

ROME

Civilization of the Americas

(1400 BCE- AD 1570)
Civilizations of Middle
America
The World of the Incas
Peoples of North America

PANGKAT NG MGA AMERICAN INDIAN

Civilization of the Americas

(1400 BCE- AD 1570)
Civilizations of Middle
America
The World of the Incas
Peoples of North America

PANGKAT NG MGA AMERICAN INDIAN

Olmecs 1400 BCE-500 BCE

(Mexico)
Mayan Civilization 300-900
Aztec empire 1200-1521
Incan empire 1400-1535

PANGKAT NG MGA AMERICAN INDIAN

The Olmecs
establish the
first
American
Civilization.
Remains of
their culture
include giant
heads carved
in stone

OLMECS 1400 BCE-500 BCE (MEXICO)

The Maya civilization extended

throughout the present-day
southern Mexican states of
Chiapas, Tabasco, and the
Yucatn Peninsula states of
Quintana Roo, Campeche
and Yucatn.
The Maya area also extended
throughout the northern
Central American region,
including the present-day
nations of Guatemala,
Belize, western Honduras
and extreme northern El
Salvador.

MAYAN CIVILIZATION (300-900 CE)

The Aztec people were

certain ethnic
groups of central
Mexico, particularly
those groups who
spoke the Nahuatl
language and who
dominated large
parts of
Mesoamerica from
the 14th to 16th
centuries.
Teotihuacan
Hernan Cortes (1521)

AZTEC EMPIRE (1200-1521)

The Inca Empire or Inka Empire was

the largest empire in preColumbian America. The
administrative, political and
military center of the empire was
located in Cusco in modern-day
Peru. The Inca civilization arose
from the highlands of Peru
sometime in the early 13th
century, and the last Inca
stronghold was conquered by the
Spanish in 1572.
Machu Picchu, Peru 7,000 feet
above sea level. Rediscovered in
1911
Francisco Pizarro (1522)

INCAN EMPIRE (1400-1535)

MGA PULO SA PACIFIC

The Austronesian language family

has an immense distribution
around the world from
Madagascar on the west (just off
the east coast of Africa) to
Easter island on the extreme
east (not too distant from the
west coast of South America)
Malayo-Polynesia older name of
this language family

MGA PULO SA PACIFIC

Western Austronesia Madagascar,

Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan,
Guam (Malay)
Eastern Austronesia Micronesia,
Melanesia, Polynesia, and the islands
contained within the triangle of New
Zealand, the Hawaiian Islands and
Easter Island

PETER BELLWOODS OUT OF TAIWAN HYPOTHESIS

Austronesian concept is central

Auster (south wind)
Nesos (island)

BELLWOODS MODEL
ca. 4500 BC - 4000 BC: Settlement in Taiwan of PreAustronesian-speaking peoples moving from mainland
China as a result of population pressures arising from
developments in agriculture.
This is evidenced by the similarities between the pottery
assemblages of the local Tapenkeng culture (TPK),
characterised by cord-marked globular pots with
incised everted rims and occasional lug handles or
perforated ringfeet, and those from sites in Fujian and
Guangdong, characterised by potsherds decorated with
incised lines, rows of impressed semicircles, and
stamped dentate patterns inside incisions.
The period is also saw the local development of ProtoAustronesian as a language

BELLWOODS MODEL
ca. 1500 BC: The somewhat linear route of
Austronesian movement bifurcated with one
arm heading west towards Java, settling
parts of Mainland Southeast Asia (Vietnam
and the Malaysian Peninsula) by 500 BC and
reaching as far as Madagascar around the
first millennium AD, and the other
eastwards into the Pacific, settling as far as
Easter Island by the mid-thirteenth century
AD. The latter is marked by the gradual
disappearance of red-slipping in the pottery
assemblages, perhaps signalling
development into the Lapita pottery
complex, as well as a shift from rice
cultivation in favour of fruits and tubers.

SOLHEIMS NUSANTAO
central to this hypothesis is
the concept of the
Nusantao. The term derives
from the Austronesian root
words nusa for "south" and
tau/tao for "man" or
"people", thus giving it the
overall meaning "people of
the south islands".
In essence, the Nusantao
would thus refer to groups
of people in Southeast Asia
who have or at least had a
maritime-oriented culture
in their beginnings.

NUSANTAO
Nusantao as natives of Southeast Asia, and their
descendants, a maritime oriented culture from
their beginnings, those beginnings probably in
southeastern Island Southeast Asia a bit
before 5000 B.C. A majority of the people with
this culture, at any one time, probably spoke a
Malayo-Polynesian language but there was no
doubt a varying sized minority of them, from
time to time, who did not speak a related
language (Solheim 1975a:158).

KAPAPAHAN

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Supremacy of the Church (Age of Faith)
Christianity spread in Rome although it originated
in Jerusalem
Constantine (280-337 AD) made it religion of the
state
Christianity prevailed even after the fall of the
Roman Empire, influenced the Germanic tribes
Charlemagne, a Frank, bannered Christianity in
Europe, crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 AD as
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Period when Christianity exerted its greatest
influence in politics, education, arts,
literature and social life
Latter part saw decline of the Church
Abuses crept in, churchmen held positions of
wealth and power, scandals beset the
monasteries, friars had made money from sale of
indulgence

T
NG A ON
G TI
G
I
N D A
I
T IG N
G
-I DA GA
G N M
A
A G
P
P
:
III NG G N
T A A
I
N AY AT
U
Y GN AT
U GT ES
PA TAT
S

Paksa:
Pagtatatag ng National Monarchy ng
France at England
Repormasyong Protestante at Kontra
Repormasyon
Rebolusyong Intelektwal(Pangkaisipan)
Rebolusyong Pampulitika sa France at
England

YUNIT III: PAG-IGTING NG UGNAYANG

PANDAIGDIG AT PAGTATATAG NG MGA
NATION STATES

F S
O E
T
H
T TA
W S
O
R AN
G E
P
E
TH URO
E

Pagtatatag ng National Monarchy ng

France at England

SPAIN
Union of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella
of Castille in 1469
the Catholic kings
Supported the Inquisition on Spain and
used harsh methods against heretics
and Jews
Waged war against the Muslims and
completed the Reconquista in 1492 (Fall
of Muslim Granada)

The Reign of Hapsburgs in Spain by

Charles V
Overwhelming responsibility of
Charles V eventually gave up his
throne in 1556
(Spain and its growing overseas
empire; Austrian territories,
Netherlands)

UNDER KING PHILIP II

Philip II (1556-1598) strengthens royal authority in Spain and
Inquisition continues in Spain.
Christian forces war against the Turks near the seaport of
Lepanto, Greece.
Portugal is united with Spain under Philip II in1580.

Dutch Protestants started a rebellion in 1566 headed by

William the Silent, Prince of Orange.
Eventually the seven northern provinces which were
Protestants and Dutch-speaking became the United
Provinces of Netherlands

Conflict of Spain and England because

of the war in Netherlands
(Catholicism vs. Protestantism)
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
Decline of Spanish power
(the cost of war, the neglect of trade
and industry, changes in agriculture,
the dependence on temporary wealth)

E
C
N
A
R
F
B

LU

FRANCE
From 16C the Bourbon family of kings
strengthened absolute monarchy in
France.
Rival Protestant and Catholic nobles
competed for control in France but in
1562 a full-scale civil war erupted
between Huguenots and Catholics.
1572 St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
(Massacre of the Huguenots)- Henry of
Navarres Wedding in Paris)

FRANCE
1589 Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)
inherited the French throne. Protestant
converted to Catholicism
To protect the Huguenots, Henry IV issued
the EDICT OF NANTES (1598) granted
the Huguenots a large measure of
religious freedom, equal treatment
under the law, and equal opportunity to
hold positions in government.

FRANCE
Henry IV was murdered in 1610 and the
throne went to his 9-year old son, Louis
XIII.
Cardinal Richelieu strengthens royal
authority and assume authority as Chief
Minister (1624-42).
a). strengthen absolute monarchy and b).
block Hapsburgs expansion in Europe
Participated in the Thirty Years War

THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

First modern War

Fight for power in Europe
Religious conflict of Catholics
and Protestants. Started with
the imposition of Catholicism
in Protestant Bohemia by
Ferdinand II.

THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

1630 Protestant Gustavus Adolphus
(Sweden) entered the war; overrunning
northern Germany
1635 France entered the war and sided
with the Protestant forces of Sweden,
the Netherlands and the German
princes.
Ended in 1648 with the Peace of
Westphalia treaty

RESULTS OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

Hapsburgs, as Holy Roman Emperors lost

their power and failed in their attempts
to impose Catholicism throughout the
empire and to unite the German states.
France was the leading state in Western
Europe
Sweden dominated the area around the
Baltic Sea

RESULTS OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

Switzerland became independent of

the control of the Holy Roman
Empire
Spain recognized the Independence
of the Netherlands

FRANCE
Absolute monarchy triumphs in
France
After the death of Richelieu,
Cardinal Mazarin strengthens
central authority
Louis XIV claims the divine right
of kings Kings are born to
possess all and command all

FRANCE
France advocated mercantilism by
establishing French colonies and
trading companies to compete with the
Dutch and English; improved taxation,
supported ship building and a new navy.
1685 Louis XIV repealed the EDICT of
NANTES. Huguenots fled to Protestant
land
1715 Death of Louis XIV

D
N GA

LAM E N T

G
IA
N
L
E AR
P

IN

IN

Louis XIV (5 September

1638 1 September
1715), known as Louis
the Great (Louis le
Grand) or the Sun
King (le Roi-Soleil),
was a monarch of the
House of Bourbon who
ruled as King of
France and Navarre
from 1643 until his
death. His reign of 72
years and 110 days is
the longest of
monarchs of major
countries in European
history.

ENGLAND
Tudor Dynasty -1485-1602
Henry VIII Act of Supremacy
(1534)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) under her
reign is considered as one of
Englands greatest ages.
London was center of commerce

ENGLAND
James I succeeded Elizabeth in 1603.
England and Scotland under one
monarch but remained separated
countries.
During the reign of Charles I (1625-1649),
son of James I, tension between the
Parliament and the monarchy
intensified. Conflict on issues on taxes
and religion.

ENGLAND
Charles I signed the PETITION OF RIGHT
(1628) which limited the power of the
King
Specific rights:
1) The monarch could not collect taxes
without Parliaments consent.
2) Civilians should not be forced to
provide food and shelter for soldiers.
3) Military law could not be imposed in
time of peace.
4) No person could be imprisoned
except upon a specific charge.

Religious divisions bring unrest in

England and Scotland
Puritans purify Church of England
James I sponsored the translation of the
Bible King James Version (1611)
1642 Conflict between Charles I and the
Parliament lead to the English civil war

ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH
Rise of Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan and the
leader of Parliaments forces in the
English Civil War
Lord Protector (1653-1658), ruled
England, Scotland and Ireland until his
death in 1658.

After Cromwells death, England returned

to monarchy,
1660 The Parliament invited Charles II to
return to the throne. His reign (16601685) is called the Restoration Period
Charles II was succeeded by his brother
James II, a Catholic and a person
unpopular to the Parliament.

In 1688, the Parliament offered the

crown jointly to Mary and William
of Orange
The People acclaimed the change of
monarch and called it the Glorious
Revolution
1689 English Bill of Rights

The English revolutions of the 17C

had a great impact on government
in the Western world.
Parliamentary government, rule of
law, limited monarchy, and the
protection of the individual
liberties became firmly established
in Britain.

PAGTATATAG NG NATIONAL MONARCHY NG

FRANCE AT ENGLAND

O
T S
N E
O IM
I
T T
I
S
N
N
R
A
E
R
T OD
M

RENAISSANCE AND
REFORMATION
Renaissance the period of Western
history, beginning in the 1300s when far
reaching changes occurred in the arts,
intellectual, life, and ways of viewing
the world.
Reformation in Europe in the 1500s, the
movement that rebelled against the
authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
Counter-Reformation the reform
movement that began within the Roman
Catholic Church in the 1500s as a
reaction to the Reformation.

RENAISSANCE
French term whose literal meaning is
rebirth
It was a cultural movement that profoundly
affected European intellectual life in the
early modern period.
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest
of Europe by the 16C, its influence was felt
in literature, philosophy, art, politics,
science, religion, and other aspects of
intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars
employed the humanist method in study,
and searched for realism and human
emotion in art

HUMANISM DURING
THE RENAISSANCE

Humanism is the guiding principle of the

period.
Humanities Latin and Greek language,
literature, composition, rhetoric, history
and philosophy. Music and mathematics
were sometimes studied also.
Thinkers study history critically believing
that history, like classical literature and
philosophy, would help them
understand their own times.

RENAISSANCE PERSPECTIVE

The Renaissance emphasized

life on earth. Medieval
thinkers had regarded earthly
existence as a preparation for
an afterlife; the people of the
Renaissance emphasized
living life on earth as fully as
possible.

HUMANIST SCHOLARS
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
The Prince

(1513 written; 1532

published)
The descriptions within
The Prince have the
general theme of
accepting that the aims of
princes, such as glory, and
indeed survival, can
justify the use of immoral
means to achieve those
ends

HUMANIST SCHOLARS
Desiderius Erasmuss
Praise of Folly (1509)
In Praise of Folly is
considered one of the
most notable works of
the Renaissance and
one of the catalysts of
the Protestant
Reformation.

RENAISSANCE ART
Renaissance artists emphasized the
uniqueness of each human face and
figure. They tried to capture each
individuals character and personality.
Renaissance architects admired Greek
and Roman buildings and strove for the
same kind of balance and proportion.
One of the distinguishing features of
Renaissance art was its development of
highly realistic linear perspective.

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS

Michaelangelo
( 1475 - 1564)
Raphael Santi
(1483-1520)
Leonardo da
Vinci
(1452-1519)

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS

William
Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
Miguel de Cervantes
de Saavedra
(1547-1616)

Sir John Gilbert's

1849 painting: The
Plays of William
Shakespeare

Francois Rabeleis
(1494-1553)

PRINTING SPREADS
RENAISSANCE IDEAS

In 1450s, Europeans first used

movable metal type to print a
book.
German Johann Gutenberg is usually
credited with printing the first
book, a copy of the Bible.
Printing is more affordable than
handwritten ones.
Use of the vernacular in printing
new books

CONCLUSION
In the 15th century, the Renaissance
spread with great speed from its
birthplace in Florence, first to the rest
of Italy, and soon to the rest of Europe.
The invention of the printing press
allowed the rapid transmission of these
new ideas. As it spread, its ideas
diversified and changed, being adapted
to local culture.
In all, the Renaissance could be viewed as
an attempt by intellectuals to study and
improve the secular and worldly, both
through the revival of ideas from
antiquity, and through novel
approaches to thought.

REFORMATION
A movement that rebelled against
the authority of the Roman
Catholic Church in the 1500s in
Europe.
The efforts of the self-described
"reformers" who objected to
(read: "protested") the doctrines,
rituals and ecclesiastical structure
of the Roman Catholic Church, led
to the creation of new national
Protestant churches.

PRECURSOR TO REFORMATION
In the late 1300s John Wycliffe
(Oxford University) questioned
that only through the Church a
person can gain salvation.
Denounced bishops and other
clergy for amassing wealth and
neglecting religious duties.
His followers, the Poor Preachers
taught using the language of the
people rather than Latin.

PRECURSOR TO REFORMATION
John Huss (University of Prague)
challenged the authority of the
Pope and criticized the Churchs
wealth.
He was excommunicated in 1410,
arrested, found guilty of heresy,
and burned at the stake in 1415.
1420- Hussites began a rebellion
against the Church continued until
peace was gained in 1434.

REFORMATION
Martin Luther (1483-1546), a German monk
became the leader of the protest against
the Church. Excommunicated in 1521.
Salvation through faith and the grace of
God. Critique of indulgences
SOLA SCRIPTURA, SOLA FIDE

REFORMATION
The reformation is not only an issue of
FAITH but of FINANCES.
Luther was summoned by Charles V, the
Holy Roman Emperor but he refused. He
took refuge in the castle of a German
prince, Frederick of Saxony.
Luthers teachings were accepted by
German princes. It was a way of
demonstrating their independence from
the Holy Roman Empire.

REFORMATION

Martin Luther and his 95 theses nailed in the door in Wittenberg

COUNTER-REFORMATION

The reform movement that

began within the Roman
Catholic Church in the 1500s
as a reaction to the
Reformation.
Succeeding events will lead to a
revival and intensification of
Catholic faith and active
opposition to the Protestants.

THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER- REFORMATION

1517 Luthers 95 Theses at Wittenberg

1522 Luthers bible is published in
German
1523 Ulrich Zwiglis program of reform
established in Geneva, Switzerland. He
was killed in a civil war. He was followed
by John Calvin and turned Geneva as a
refuge for Protestants persecuted in
other countries.

THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER- REFORMATION

1529 - The emperor tried to suppress the

growing strength of the Lutheran movement.
Several Lutheran princes met and issued a
formal protest against these efforts.
1530s German princes sign the Augsburg
Confession, a written statement of their
beliefs. Religious wars break out.
1534 The Act of Supremacy (Henry VIII).
England separates from the Roman Church

THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER- REFORMATION

1540s Calvin establishes Protestant

church in Geneva; Ignatius of Loyola
establishes the Jesuit order (1540).
1545 1563 The Council of Trent
reaffirms Roman Catholic doctrine
1555 The Peace of Augsburg ends
religious wars in Germany. Dividing the
land into Catholic (South) and Lutheran
(North)

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

(1545-1563)

Pope Paul III gathered leading churchmen

in northern Italy to resolve the problem of
Reformation.
The Church reaffirms its doctrine
1). Only the Church could explain the
Bible
2). Both faith and good works were
necessary for salvation
3).the Pope was the highest and final
authority in the Church.

THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER- REFORMATION

1562-98 The Huguenot Wars in France

(includes The Massacre of St.
Bartholomews Day)
1566 Calvinist church founded in the
Netherlands
1580s Increase of tension between
European rulers
1618 Outbreak of Thirty Years War
(until 1648)

CONCLUSION
The Reformation and CounterReformation both encouraged the
spread of education.
Reading became an important skill
for men and women (Protestant
reformers insisted individuals to
read the Bible)
The Counter-Reformation, the
Jesuits played an important role in
education by establishing Catholic
schools and universities.

REBOLUSYONG INTELEKTWAL(PANGKAISIPAN)

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Copernican Heliocentric Theory (1453)
Galileo invented the telescope; supported
the Copernican Theory, book published
in 1632 but banned by the Church
Kepler and Newton on motion of objects
William Harvey explained blood
circulation
Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope

Leeuwenhoek
invented the
microscope

Galileo
invented the
telescope;
supported the
Copernican
Theory, book
published in 1632
but banned by
the Church

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Carolus Linnaeus developed classification
system
Francis Bacon encouraged careful
observation in Novum Organum
Rene Descartes emphasized importance of
reasoning; Cogito ergo sum
John Locke Two Treatises of Government
(1689), Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
Candide (1759); Baron de Montesquie,
The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of
Prussia, Catherine the Great of
Russia
(Enlightened Despots)- Introduced
reforms
Classical composers
Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Chopin, Vivaldi,
Strauss, Beethoven, Mendelssohn,
Schubert, Schuman

CLASSICAL COMPOSERS

BEETHOVEN
1770-1827

MOZART
1756-1791

POLITICAL REVOLUTION

Aimed at changing
government due to liberal
ideas spawned by the
intellectual revolution

POLITICAL REVOLUTION
American Revolution (1775-1783)
Thirteen colonies revolted
July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence
Peace of Paris, 1783 the colonies were
recognized
Republican government established with
George Washington as President

Adam Smith
(1723-1790)
Inquiry to the
Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of
Nations
Laying foundation
of science of
political economy
and exerting
influence
throughout the
world