VitoVolterra,1881:There

existsafunction,F(x),
whosederivative,F'(x),
existsandisboundedforall
x,butthederivative,F'(x),
cannotbeintegrated.

TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus:

F' x
1.Ifthen
f x

2.Iffdoesnothaveajumpdiscontinuity
atx,then d

f t

dx

IfFisdifferentiableatx=a,can
F'(x)bediscontinuousatx=a?

IfFisdifferentiableatx=a,can
F'(x)bediscontinuousatx=a?

Yes!

F x

F x

F' x

F x

F' x

F' 0

F x

F' x

F' 0

lim

CantorsSet
FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875

CantorsSet
FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
ThenbyVitoVolterra,1881

CantorsSet
FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
ThenbyVitoVolterra,1881

AndfinallybyGeorgCantor,
1883

CantorsSet

1/3

2/3

Remove[1/3,2/3]

CantorsSet

1/9

2/9

1/3

2/3

Remove[1/3,2/3]
Remove[1/9,2/9]and[7/9,8/9]

7/9

8/9

CantorsSet

1/9

2/9

1/3

2/3

7/9

8/9

Remove[1/3,2/3]
Remove[1/9,2/9]and[7/9,8/9]
Remove[1/27,2/27],[7/27,8/27],[19/27,20/27],and
[25/27,26/27],andsoonWhatsleft?

CantorsSet

1/9

2/9

1/3

2/3

1 L

1 2 2 2 2 3
=1 1+
+
+
+L

3
3
3
3

1 1
=1
=11=0.
2
3 1 3

7/9

8/9

Whatslefthas
measure0.

CreateanewsetliketheCantorsetexcept
thefirstmiddlepieceonlyhaslength1/4
eachofthenexttwomiddlepiecesonlyhavelength1/16
thenextfourpieceseachhavelength1/64,etc.

Theamountlefthassize 1 L

1 2 2 2 2 3
=1 1+
+
+
+L

4
4
4
4

1 1
1
=1
=
1
4 1 2 2

WellcallthissetSVC(forSmithVolterraCantor).
Ithassomesurprisingcharacteristics:
1.SVCcontainsnointervalsnomatterhowsmalla
subintervalof[0,1]wetake,therewillbepointsinthat
subintervalthatarenotinSVC.SVCisnowheredense.

WellcallthissetSVC(forSmithVolterraCantor).
Ithassomesurprisingcharacteristics:
1.SVCcontainsnointervalsnomatterhowsmalla
subintervalof[0,1]wetake,therewillbepointsinthat
subintervalthatarenotinSVC.SVCisnowheredense.
2.Givenanycollectionofsubintervalsof[0,1],whose
unioncontainsSVC,thesumofthelengthsofthese
intervalsisatleast1/2.

Volterrasconstruction:

Startwiththefunction F x

Restricttotheinterval[0,1/8],exceptfindthelargestvalueof
xonthisintervalatwhichF'(x)=0,andkeepFconstantfrom
thisvalueallthewaytox=1/8.

Volterrasconstruction:
Totherightofx=1/8,takethemirrorimageofthis
function:for1/8<x<1/4,andoutsideof[0,1/4],define
f1 x
thisfunctiontobe0.Callthisfunction.

Volterrasconstruction:

f1 x isadifferentiablefunctionforallvaluesofx,but
lim

Nowweslidethisfunctionoversothattheportionthat
isnotidentically0isintheinterval[3/8,5/8],that
middlepieceoflength1/4takenoutoftheSVCset.

Wefollowthesameproceduretocreateanew
f2 x
function,,thatoccupiestheinterval[0,1/16]
andis0outsidethisinterval.

f2 x
Weslideonecopyofintoeachinterval
oflength1/16thatwasremovedfromtheSVC
set.

Volterrasfunction,V(x),iswhatweobtaininthelimitas
wedothisforeveryintervalremovedfromtheSVCset.
Ithasthefollowingproperties:
1.Visdifferentiableateveryvalueofx,andits
derivativeisbounded(belowby1.013andaboveby
1.023).

Volterrasfunction,V(x),iswhatweobtaininthelimitas
wedothisforeveryintervalremovedfromtheSVCset.
Ithasthefollowingproperties:
1.Visdifferentiableateveryvalueofx,andits
derivativeisbounded(belowby1.013andaboveby
1.023).
2.Ifaisaleftorrightendpointofoneoftheremoved
intervals,thenthederivativeofVataexists(andequals
0),butwecanfindpointsarbitrarilyclosetoawherethe
derivativeis+1,andpointsarbitrarilyclosetoawhere
thederivativeis1.

Nomatterhowwepartition[0,1],thepiecesthat
containendpointsofremovedintervalsmusthave
lengthsthatadduptoatleast1/2.
ThepiecesonwhichthevariationofV'isatleast2
musthavelengthsthatadduptoatleast1/2.

Recall:
Integralexistsifandonlyifcanbemadeas
Vi
smallaswewishbytakingsufficientlysmallintervals.

Vi

Conclusion:VolterrasfunctionVcanbe
differentiatedandhasaboundedderivative,butits
derivative,V',cannotbeintegrated:

d
V x
dx