Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12/20/16
Thus, combining
data connectivity with
Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore
OBJECTIVES
Understand
the WLAN
Know The requirements of WLAN
Know the modulation and access
technologies of WLA
Architecture of WLAN
Protocols of Different layer of WLAN
Application of WLAN
12/20/16
12/20/16
WLAN TOPOLOGY
The wireless LAN connects to a
wired LAN
There is a need of an access point that
bridges wireless LAN traffic into the wired
LAN.
The access point (AP) can also act as a
repeater for wireless nodes, effectively
doubling the maximum possible distance
between nodes.
12/20/16
12/20/16
convenience, and
cost
Installation speed and simplicity.
Installation flexibility.
Reduced cost-of-ownership.
Mobility.
Scalability.
12/20/16
No cable to pull.
Eliminates current architecture
obstacles.
Few transmitters/receivers for multiple
for users.
12/20/16
flexibility
devices.
12/20/16
cost-of-ownership
computer workstations.
Can Run Errands and stay in touch.
No need to build wiring closets.
12/20/16
12/20/16
10
communities.
12/20/16
11
Disadvantage of
Wireless LAN
Cost
Wireless network cards cost 4 times
Bleed Over
12
Disadvantage of
Wireless LAN
Environmental Conditions
Susceptible to weather and solar activity.
Constrained by buildings, trees, terrain.
Less Capacity
Slower bandwidth.
Limit to how much data a carrier wave
12/20/16
13
12/20/16
14
pricing information.
Facilitates electronic payments for goods
and services.
Improve the speed and quality of trades.
12/20/16
15
and Retail
12/20/16
16
servers.
Remote data collections.
Tracking of goods.
Healthcare
Emergency medical information readily
available.
Access to schedule information.
12/20/16
17
Design Requireements
of WLAN
Range
and Coverage
Throughput
Integrity and Reliability.
Comapatibility
Interoperability-FHSS X DSSS X FHSS
Licensing Issue
Security
Cost
Scalability
battery life
Safety
12/20/16
18
Network Components
WLAN
Adapter
Access
Points
Outdoor
WLAN
12/20/16
bridges
Routers-
19
wired network
AP
ad-hoc network
12/20/16
20
Network Architecture
Internet
hub, switch
or router
Identified by
APan network name
known as an SSID
BSS 1
AP
BSS 2
12/20/16
21
network
infrastructure
22
12/20/16
Infrastructure mode
Base station connects
mobiles into wired network
Network provides services
(addressing, routing, DNS)
Handoff: mobile changes
base station providing
connection to wired network
Infrastructureless WLAN- Ad
Hoc Networks
Ad hoc mode
No base stations
Nodes can only transmit to other
nodes within link coverage
Nodes self-organize and route
among themselves
23
12/20/16
Infrastructure vs. Ad
Hoc
Infrastructure
mode
Ad
hoc networks
Similar
Client-server communication
Peer-to-peer communication
24
12/20/16
Infrastructure-less
Multi-hop
25
12/20/16
26
LAN
Peer-to-peer network
Client and access point
Multiple access points and roaming
Using an extension point
Using a directional antenna
12/20/16
27
28
no administration or
configuration.
Each client has access to only the
resources shared by the other client
and not to a central server.
12/20/16
29
Access
Point
12/20/16
Installing
an
access point can
extend the range
of the network,
effectively
doubling the range
at which the PCs
can communicate.
30
12/20/16
31
Shared
Printer
Multiple
Access
Points
At a large facility, such as a college campus or
warehouse, more than one Access Point may be
needed.
12/20/16
32
12/20/16
33
Extension Point
12/20/16
34
12/20/16
35
Using a Directional
Antenna
Data
Relayed
Here
Directional Antennas
In the case of having a wireless LAN in one building and
wanting to extend it to a nearby building, one mile away, use
directional antennas.
12/20/16
36
Using a Directional
Antenna
One
37
WLAN STANDARDS
12/20/16
38
What is 802.11?
Wireless media.
Accessing Method is -CSMA
39
802.11 - Transmission
Most
Most
12/20/16
40
12/20/16
41
Performance
802.11a
12/20/16
42
802.11a
Employs
43
802.11a Advantages
Ultra-high spectrum efficiency
5 GHz band is 300 MHz (vs. 83.5 MHz @
2.4 GHz)
More data can travel over a smaller
amount of bandwidth
High speed
Up to 54 Mbps
Less interference
Fewer products using the frequency
2.4 GHz band shared by cordless phones,
microwave ovens, Bluetooth, and WLANs
12/20/16
44
802.11a Disadvantages
Legal issues
License-free spectrum in 5 GHz band not available
worldwide
Market
Beyond LAN-LAN bridging, there is limited interest for
5 GHz adoption
12/20/16
45
802.11a Disadvantages
Cost
2.4 GHz will still has >40% cost
advantage
Range
At equivalent power, 5 GHz range will be
consumption
46
802.11a Applications
Building-to-building connections
Video,
audio
conferencing/streaming
video,
and audio.
Large file transfers, such as engineering
CAD drawings
Faster Web access and browsing
High worker density or high throughput
scenarios
Numerous
PCs
running
graphics-intensive
applications
12/20/16
47
802.11.b
Speed
of 11Mbps.
Certified for interoperability by the
WECA by wifi logo
Operates in 2.4 ghz BW
Modulation DSSS
3 non overlapping channels.
Range of node -200 ft indoors, 600ft
outdoors
12/20/16
48
802.11a Vs.
802.11b802.11b
802.11a
802.11a vs.
802.11b
Up to 54 Mbps
(54, 48, 36, 24,18, 12
and 6 Mbps)
Up to 11 Mbps
(11, 5.5, 2, and
1 Mbps)
Range
50 Meters
100 Meters
Bandwidth
ISM (2.4000
2.4835 GHz range)
Modulation
OFDM technology
DSSS technology
49
802.11e
Introduces
To
enhance
the
802.11
Medium
Access
Control
(MAC)
to
improve
and
manage
Quality of Service (QoS)
handles-Voice traffic, MPEG video upto 3Mbps.
chip design
802.11g
802.11g
802.11b
is a high-speed extension to
12/20/16
51
802.11g Advantages
in 2.4 GHz
Likely to be less costly than 5 GHz
alternatives
Provides easy migration for current users
of 802.11b WLANs
12/20/16
products
52
Purpose:
To develop a set of requirements for
12/20/16
53
802.11p
Used for wireless acess in Vehicular
environment.
Supports-INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORT SYSTEM Application.
Allows data exchange between
High Speed Vehicles. And B/w the
vehicles in road side infrastructure
in the licensed ITS band(5.85.925Ghz)
12/20/16
54
Network
LLC
MAC
FHSS DSSS IR
12/20/16
PHY
8 0 2 .1 1
55
802.11 variants
LLC
802.11i
security
WEP
802.11e
QoS enhancements
PHY
DSSS
802.11b
5,11 Mbps
802.11g
20+ Mbps
12/20/16
MAC
Mgmt
MAC
802.11f
FH
MIB
IR
OFDM
802.11a
6,9,12,18,24
36,48,54 Mbps
56
12/20/16
57
802.11 Infrared
58
limited.
Uses 52 FDM channels (48 for data; 4 for synchronization).
Encoding is complex ( PSM up to 18 Mbps and QAM above this
capacity).
E.g., at 54Mbps 216 data bits encoded into into 288-bit
12/20/16
Prof. Bhagirathi V AIT,Bangalore
59
symbols.
committee.
11b approved and hit the market before 11a.
Up to 11 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band using 11 million
chips/sec.
Note in this bandwidth all these protocols have to
deal with interference from microwave ovens,
cordless phones and garage door openers.
Range is 7 times greater than 11a.
11b and 11a are incompatible!!
12/20/16
60
12/20/16
61
12/20/16
62
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory) DCF
Time-Bounded Service (optional) - PCF
Access methods
DCF--
CSMA/CA (mandatory)
RTS/CTS (optional)
accessProf.
point
terminals according to a list
Bhagirathipolls
V AIT,Bangalore
63
802.11 - CSMA/CA
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
next frame
t
slot time
station
64
802.11 CSMA/CA
example
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
boe bor
station1
DIFS
boe bor
boe busy
boe busy
boe bor
boe busy
boe bor
boe busy
station2
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
t
busy
12/20/16
65
802.11 RTS/CTS
station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS
(reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
DIFS
sender
RTS
data
SIFS
receiver
other
stations
12/20/16
CTS SIFS
SIFS
ACK
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
defer access
data
t
contention
66
Hidden Terminal
Problem
A
Hidden terminals
12/20/16
67
Exposed Terminal
Problem
A
Exposed terminals
12/20/16
68
To
All
implementations must
support DCF, but PCF is optional.
12/20/16
69
12/20/16
70
802.11 - PCF I
t0 t1
SuperFrame
12/20/16
SIFS
SIFS
D2
SIFS
U1
U2
NAV
71
802.11 - PCF II
t2
point
coordinator
PIFS
D3
12/20/16
D4
t4
CFend
SIFS
U4
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
SIFS
t3
NAV
contention free period
contention
period
72
stations have
transmission ranges and not all
stations are within radio range of
each other.
Simple CSMA will not work!
C transmits to B.
If A senses the channel, it will
not hear Cs transmission and
falsely conclude that A can begin a
transmission to B.
12/20/16
73
12/20/16
74
Distribute Coordination
Function (DCF)
Uses CSMA/ CA (CSMA with Collision
Avoidance).
1.
2.
12/20/16
75
76
77
78
12/20/16
79
Figure 4-28.Fragmentation in
802.11
12/20/16
80
12/20/16
81
LAN Technologies
Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (MACA)
other node in
senders range
sender
RTS
receiver
other node in
receivers range
CTS
data
ACK
82
1-Persistent Physical
Carrier Sensing
Station senses the channel when it
wants to send.
If idle, station transmits.
transmitting.
12/20/16
83
12/20/16
84
12/20/16
85
12/20/16
86