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PRESENTATION BY:ANJALI S

My Topics
Introduction to colloids

COLLOIDS

SOLUTIONS,COLLOIDS, AND SUSPENSIONS

COLLOIDS
A heterogeneous system in which one substance is

dispersed as fine particles in another substance.

Colloids consist of a dispersed phase in a

dispersed medium.
Dispersed phase consist of an aggregate of many

Atoms ,ions, molecules or particles of a single

macromolecule(protein or synthetic polymers).
Dispersed particles have size in b/w 1um & 1nm.
Colloidal particles have enormous surface area per unit

mass-because of their small size.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS

Based on physical
state of dispersed
phase &
dispersion
medium

Solidsol,aerosol,
sol,gel,emulsion,
foam etc

Based on type of
particles of the
dispersed phase

Multimolecular
colloids
Macromolecular
colloids
Associated colloids

Based on nature of
interaction b/w
dispersed phase &
dispersion medium

Lyophilic colloids
lyophobic colloids

Classification based on physical state of

dispersed phase & dispersion medium
DISPERSED
PHASE

DISPERSION
MEDIUM

TYPE OF
COLLOID

EXAMPLES

SOLID

SOLID

SOLID SOL

SOME COLOURED
GLASSES,GEM
STONES

GAS

SOLID

SOLID SOL

PUMICE STONE,FOAM
RUBBER

SOLID

LIQUID

SOL

PAINTS,CELL FLUIDS

SOLID

GAS

AEROSOLS

SMOKE,DUST

LIQUID

GAS

AEROSOLS

FOG,MIST,CLOUD,INS
ECTICIDE SPRAYS,

LIQUID

SOLID

GEL

CHEESE,BUTTER,JELL
IES

LIQUID

LIQUID

EMULSION

MILK,HAIR CREAM

GAS

LIQUID

FOAM

FROTH,WHIPPED
CREAM,SOAP LATHER

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PARTICLES OF THE DISPERSED PHASE

MULTIMOLECULAR COLLOIDSon dissolution large no: of atoms or smaller molecules of a
substance aggregate together to form particles of colloidal range.
e.g: sulphur sol(consist particles with 1000 or more S8
molecules),gold sol.
MACROMOLECULAR COLLOIDSstable and resemble true solutions.
Macromolecules in suitable solvents form solutions in which their
size will be in colloidal range.
e.g:starch,cellulose,proteins and enzymes(natural
macromolecules)
polythene,nylon polystyrene, synthetic rubber(man made
macromolecules)
ASSOCIATED
COLLOIDSsome substances, at low concentrations behave as normal
electrolytes- but exhibit colloidal behaviour at higher concentrationsdue to formation of aggregates(micelles)-therefore called associated
colloids.
On dilution these revert back to individual ions.
Soaps and detergents belong to this class.(micelle formation occur
only above a critical temp & concentration)

Classification based on nature of

interaction

Lyophilic colloids- starch or protein in water

rubber in benzene
cellulose nitrate or cellulose
acetate in acetone.
Lyophobic colloids-metal colloids

Stable and
unstable
colloid

Preparation of lyophobic
colloidal solutions
They need special preparation techniques
Breaking down coarser aggregates into
particles of colloidal range
Grouping molecules into larger aggregates
of colloidal range
SO
THE METHODS ARE

DISPERSION METHOD

1. MECHANICAL
DISPERSION
2. ELECTRICAL
DISPERSION
3. PEPTIZATION

CONDENSATION
METHOD
1.
2.
3.
4.

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
HYDROLYSIS

DISPERSION METHODS

Mechanical
dispersion

Involves breaking down coarser particles

by mechanical grinding-this is done in a
colloid mill.
The material to be grounded is fed in b/w
the two discs of a colloid mill in the form of
wet slurry.
Shearing force break the particles to
colloidal diamensions
Involves mechanical dispersion by high
intensity ultrasonic generators(operating at
20kHz frequency)
Ultrasonic vibrations cause local rapid
alternating contractions and expansions of
substance-this form minute cavities-which
disappear immediately by external pressure
this destroys solid-convert it into colloidal
dispersion.

DISPERSION METHODS

Colloid mill

DISPERSION METHODS
Electrical dispersion

Used to prepare metal sols

(platinum,gold,silver or copper sols)
DC is used
Not suitable if dispersion medium is
organic. Charring occurs

DISPERSION METHODS
To obtain organosols of metals and nonmetals
( Svedberg's method)
Electrodes are usually of iron or aluminium
AC is used instead of DC
The material to be dispersed is taken in the
form of granules and pasted on the
electrodes
Electrodes then are immersed in organic
medium
electric arc is passed
electroputtering occurs as electric spark
gets through the granules

DISPERSION METHODS

PEPTIZATION

oIt involves conversion of a

precipitate into colloidal sol by
shaking it with dispersion medium
in the presence of a small amount
of electrolyte.
oThe electrolyte used is called
PEPTIZING AGENT.
oFreshly formed prppt like AgCl,
Fe(OH)3,Al(OH)3 can be converted
into colloidal solutions.
oThe electrolyte should have an ion
in common with the material to be
dispersed.

Condensation methods
Colloidal systems can be obtained by various chemical
reactions which involve Double
decomposition,oxidation,reduction,hydrolysis etc
Certain conditions like, definite concentrations of initial
substances, a definite temperature, a definite order of their
mixing etc has to be obeyed.
Double decomposition:-

As2O3

3H2S

As2S3

3H2O

ARSENIOUS SULPHIDE SOL

oxidation:2H2S
2H2S

+
+

2S

O2
SO2

3s

+ 2H2O
+ 2H2O

Reduction:-sols of metals are obtained by reducing the aqueous

solutions of their salts by non-electrolytes such as
GOLD HYDROSOL
formaldehyde.phenylhydrazine,CO and Phosphorous.
2KAuO2
+KHCO3 +H2O

5HCHO

+K2CO3

2Au +3HCOOK

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