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ITS TYPES
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SAMPLING
Telephone directory
List of five star Hotel
List of student
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling frame
Sample: all selected respondent are sample
SAMPLE
SAMPLE UNIT
SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
SAMPLING BREAKDOWN
Why Sample?
Get information about large populations
Lower cost
More accuracy of results
High speed of data collection
Availability of Population elements.
Less field time
When its impossible to study the whole population
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SAMPLING
To whom
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SAMPLING.
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Merits of Sampling
Size of population
Fund required for the study
Facilities
Time
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Types of Sampling
Probability sample a method of sampling that
uses of random selection so that all units/ cases in
the population have an equal probability of being
chosen.
Non-probability sample does not involve
random selection and methods are not based on
Sampling
the rationale of probability
theory.
Techniques
NonProbability
Probability
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Simple
Simple
Random
Random
Sampling
Sampling
Systematic
Systematic
Sampling
Sampling
Proportionate
Proportionate
Stratified
Stratified
Random
Random
Sampling
Sampling
Cluster
Cluster
Sampling
Sampling
Dis
Dis Proportionate
Proportionate
OneOneStage
Stage
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Two
Two
Stage
Stage
MultiMultiStage
Stage
Non-Probability Samples
Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a population that
are easily accessible
Purposive sample (Judgmental Sampling)
You chose who you think should be in the study
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling (friend of friend.etc.)
NonProbability
Convenience
Sampling
Quota
Sampling
Judgment
Sampling
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Snowball
Sampling
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Suitability
Develop
sampling
frame
Randomly
select the
Assign
required
each unit a
amount of
number
random
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numbers
Systematicall
y select
random
numbers until
it meets the
sample size
requirements
Systematic Sampling
Similar to simple random sample. No table of random
numbers select directly from sampling frame. Ratio
between sample size and population size
Define
population
Develop
sampling
frame
Decide the
sample size
Work out
what fraction
of the frame
the sample
size
represents
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Select
according to
fraction (100
sample from
1,000 frame then
10% so every
10th unit)
First unit
select by
random
numbers
then every
nth unit
selected
(e.g. every
10th)
Systematic Sampling
ADVANTAGES:
Sample easy to select
Suitable sampling frame can be identified easily
Sample evenly spread over entire reference population
Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES:
Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in population
coincides with that of selection.
Each element does not get equal chance
Ignorance of all element between two n element
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Systematic sampling
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Stratified Random
Sample
Stratified random sampling can be classified in to
a. Proportionate stratified sampling
It involves drawing a sample from each stratum in
proportion to the letters share in total population
b. Disproportionate stratified sampling
proportionate representation is not given to strata
it necessery involves giving over representation to
some strata and under representation to other.
Define
population
Develop
sampling
frame
according to
characteristics
required
Determine the
proportion of
each
population
variable of
interest
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Systematic
sampling
methods can
then be followed
to select sample
unit
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Advantage :
Enhancement of representativeness to each sample
Higher statistical efficiency
Easy to carry out
Disadvantage:
Classification error
Time consuming and expensive
Prior knowledge of composition and of
distribution of population
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CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
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CLUSTER SAMPLING.
Advantages :
Cuts down on the cost of preparing a sampling
frame. This can reduce travel and other
administrative costs.
Disadvantages: sampling error is higher for a simple
random sample of same size. Often used to evaluate
vaccination coverage in EPI
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Non Probability
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
sampling.
Selection of whichever individuals are easiest to reach
It is done at the convenience of the researcher
For example, if the interviewer was to conduct a survey at a
shopping center early in the morning on a given day, the people
that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there
at that given time, which would not represent the views of other
members of society in such an area, if the survey was to be
conducted at different times of day and several times per week.
This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.
In social science research, snowball sampling is a similar
technique, where existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects
into the sample.
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Convenience Sampling
Advantage: A sample selected for ease of
access, immediately known population group and
good response rate.
Disadvantage: cannot generalise findings (do
not know what population group the sample is
representative of) so cannot move beyond
describing the sample.
Problems of reliability
Do respondents represent the
target population
Results are not generalizable
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QUOTA SAMPLING
The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups, just as in stratified sampling.
Then judgment used to select subjects or units from each segment
based on a specified proportion.
For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females
and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.
It is this second step which makes the technique one of nonprobability sampling.
In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random.
For example interviewers might be tempted to interview those
who look most helpful. The problem is that these samples may be
biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection. This
random element is its greatest weakness and quota versus
probability has been a matter of controversy for many years
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Quota sampling
Based on prespecified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes,
behaviors, etc
Advantages
Contains specific subgroups in the proportions desired
May reduce bias
easy to manage, quick
Disadvantages
Dependent on subjective decisions
Not possible to generalize
only reflects population in terms of the quota, possibility of bias in
selection, no standard error
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Snowball Sampling
Useful when a population is hidden or difficult to gain access to. The
contact with an initial group is used to make contact with others.
Respondents identify additional people to included in the study
The defined target market is small and unique
Compiling a list of sampling units is very difficult
Advantages
Identifying small, hard-to reach uniquely defined target population
Useful in qualitative research
access to difficult to reach populations (other methods may not
yield any results).
Disadvantages
Bias can be present
Limited generalizability
not representative of the population and will result in a biased
sample as it is self-selecting.
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Random
Sampling
Error
Non-sampling
Error
Response
Error
Researcher
Error
Surrogate Information
Error
Measurement Error
Population Definition
Error
Sampling Frame Error
Interviewer
Error
Respondent Selection
Error
Questioning Error
Recording Error
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Cheating Error
Non-response
Error
Respondent
Error
Inability Error
Unwillingness
Error
Errors in Hospitality
Research
The total error is the variation between the true mean value in
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Sampling Error
and Confidence
The larger the sample size the more likely error
in the sample will decrease.
But, beyond a certain point increasing sample
size does not provide large reductions in sampling
error.
Accuracy is a reflection of the sampling error and
confidence level of the data.
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Errors in Sampling
Non-Observation Errors
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Errors of Observation
Thank
You
DESINGED BY
Sunil Kumar
Research Scholar/ Food Production Faculty
Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management,
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
Haryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499
email: skihm86@yahoo.com , balhara86@gmail.com
linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumar
facebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar
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webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com