Albanian immunization programme time and temperature sensitive

supply chain Immunization

Delali Harlley
Philip J. Taiwo
Students: e-Pharmaceutical Cold
Chain Management Course
ePELA

Albanian immunization programme

Migration, urbanization, and reforms within the health care system

itself have put pressure on the countrys immunization system

Albania has maintained a relatively well-performing immunization

system that has maintained high coverage.

99 percent coverage for all childhood vaccination programs in 2010

97 percent DTP-3 (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis third dose)

97 percent MMR-1 (measles, mumps, rubella dose-1)

Immunization Information System (IIS)

Developed and implemented an online
Immunization Information System that can
record immunization data and manage vaccine
stock
measure the impact of accurate and timely
immunization data on immunization an vaccine
stock management

Remote temperature monitoring

Short message service (SMS, or text message)based system to monitor and log temperature
conditions in peripheral cold chain equipment
The remote short message service (SMS)-based
temperature alarm systems over traditional
temperature loggers at health-center level

Supply chain modeling

Model alternative distribution systems as input
for proposed reorganization and Rationalization
of the subnational distribution system.
Vaccines are procured through the United
Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) by the IPH
The funds are approved by the MOH and the
Ministry of Finance

Strengths of the vaccine supply chain and

immunization information systems in Albania
Temperatures in refrigerators are well monitored,
and recording sheets were used in 22 out of 24
health centers with refrigerators
stock management is well organized and
supported by an adequate digital information
system
Staff at health centers and district stores report
on vaccine coverage in a complete and timely
fashion.

Weaknesses of vaccine management in

Shkoder district
major difference from the physical inventory of
vaccines in refrigerators: the stock ledger
overestimated the physical stock by 10 to 20
percent
No functional stock ledger system was in place
in the health centers, so no historical information
was available to assess the efficiency of stock
management at that level

Vaccination
Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to
stimulate the immune response through
active immunization.
A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance
designed to produce specific protection
against a given disease.
A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic.

Types of vaccines

Live vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines
Inactivated (killed vaccines)
Toxoids
Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines
Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.

Types of vaccines
Live
vaccines

Live
Killed
Attenuated Inactivated
vaccines
vaccines

Toxoids

Cellular fraction
vaccines

Recombinant
vaccines

Small pox
variola
vaccine

BCG
Typhoid
oral
Plague
Oral polio
Yellow
fever
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Intranasal
Influenza
Typhus

Diphtheria
Tetanus

Meningococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
Pneumococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
Hepatitis B
polypeptide
vaccine

Hepatitis B
vaccine

Typhoid
Cholera
Pertussis
Plague
Rabies
Salk polio
Intramuscular
influenza
Japanise
encephalitis

The Cold Chain

The "cold chain" is a system of storage
and transport of vaccines at low
temperature from the manufacturer to the
actual vaccination site.
The cold chain system is necessary
because vaccine failure may occur due to
failure to store and transport under strict
temperature controls.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Integrate temperature-sensitive health products
into national EPI cold chains
Ongoing training for all health workers,
especially those that are responsible for
handling the time and temperature sensitive
supply chains

Temperature Monitoring

Temperature Monitoring, continue

Use max/min thermometer
Probe should be placed in the center of fridge
Temperature should be recorded at least once a
day
Reset daily
Calibrate as recommended
Take immediate action if temperature is outside
recommended range

Question?
Philip and Delali..
THANK YOU