Energy Balances and

Thermodynamics

Florabel R. Toro-Rodrguez, Esq, PE

Agenda

I. Terminology Associated with the Energy

Balances and Thermodynamics
II. Types of Energy

A. Work (W)
B. Heat (Q)
C. Kinetic Energy (KE)
D. Potential Energy (PE)
E. Internal Energy (U)
F. Enthalpy (H)
G. Entropy (S)

Agenda (cont.)

III. Energy Balances for Processes without Reaction

A. Closed, Unsteady-State Systems

B. Energy Balances for Closed, Steady-State Systems
C. Energy Balances for Open, Unsteady-State Systems
D. Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems
E. Summary

I. Types of Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Types of Energy

A. Work (W)

B. Heat (Q)

Mechanical work
Electrical work
Shaft work
Flow work
Path function

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Path function

I. Types of Energy (cont.)

C. Kinetic1 Energy (KE)

KE =

mv 2

State function

D. Potential Energy (PE)

PE = mgh
State function

I. Types of Energy (cont.)

E. Internal Energy (U)

Takes into account all of the molecular, atomic, and

subatomic energies

U
U
dT
dV

dU

T2

U C V dT
T1

State function

I. Types of Energy (cont.)

F. Enthalpy (H)

H = U + PV

dH

H
H
dT
dP
T P
P T
T2

H CP dT
T1

State function

For an ideal gas

CP = CV + R

Cp
CV

I. Types of Energy (cont.)

G.

Entropy (S)

Unusable

energy or the measure of a

materials disorder
S = Q/T
S = CPln(T2/T1) - Rln(P2/P1), for ideal gases

State function

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
The

principle of conservation for any

system states

in out = accumulation - generation

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)
The principle of the Conservation of
Energy states that the total energy of the
system plus the surroundings can be
neither created nor destroyed.

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)
The
macroscopic
general
energy
balance of a system becomes

(H + PE + KE + Q + W)

in

- (H + PE + KE + Q +

W)out = Eaccum

Where E = U + KE + PE.
only used before state variables.

The symbol is

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)

A. Closed, Unsteady-State System

Closed does not interchange mass with the

surroundings. W and Q can be interchanged.
Unsteady-state the state of the material changes
inside the system.
Examples batch processes used to manufacture
specialized pharmaceuticals and polymer products

Low production quantities

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)

B. Energy Balances for Closed, Steady-State

Systems

Closed does not interchange mass with the

surroundings. W and Q can be interchanged.
Steady-state - the state of the material does not
change inside the system.
All W done on a closed, steady-state system must be
transferred out as Q. However, the reverse is false.

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)

C. Energy Balances for Open, Unsteady-State

Systems

Open does interchange mass with the surroundings.

W and Q can also be interchanged.
Unsteady-state the state of the material changes
inside the system.
PV work work done by the surroundings to put a
mass of matter into or out of the system.

Enthalpy

(H) the form of energy related to mass

includes the PV work term.

Examples filling of a fixed volume tank, batch

distillation without replacement of feed

II. Energy Balances for

Processes without Reaction
(cont.)
D. Energy Balances for Open, SteadyState Systems

Open

does interchange mass with the

surroundings.
W and Q can also be
interchanged.
Steady-state - the state of the material does
not change inside the system.
Examples refining and chemical industries

High-volume products