http://www.telegrapghindia.

c
om

Pakistan: War,
Peace
and The Struggle
for Power

Rob Hillhouse

Sara Lucas Rosemary

Morrow
Austin 2006

Pakistan
Mnemonic from
names of Muslimmajority provinces
in northwest areas
in India
Meaning: Creation
of a land of the
pure
http://www.infopak.gov.pk/public/country_profile_index.htm

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Pakistan
Pynjab
Afghania
Kashmir
SInd
T
BaluchisTAN
A
N
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Pakistan
1 Balochistan
2 North-West
Frontier Province

5 Islamabad Capital
Territory
6 Federally Administered
Tribal Areas

3 Punjab
7 Azad Kashmir
4 Sindh
8 Northern Areas
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Islamic Republic of
Pakistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_
and_politics

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Symbols of Pakistan

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk
/

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Pakistan

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Religions
Muslim 97%
(Sunni 77%,
Shi'a 20%),
Christian,
Hindu, and
other 3%
http://www.pakistanlink.com/

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Muhammad Iqbal
When a Community forsakes its Law
Its parts are severed, like the scattered
dust.
The being of the Muslim rests alone
On Law, which is in truth the inner core
Of the Apostles faith.
The Secrets of the Self, 1920

Austin 2006

Power
Knowing that, throughout history,
societies are part of the struggle for
power, we ask:
How do different individuals and groups
seize power and establish their authority?
What elements beyond political or military
strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
power?
How do systems of government preserve or
relinquish power?
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Pakistan: Difficult
Beginnings
Nationalists were divided into
different groups with no clear idea of
what the new state would look like.
The independence movement
represented only the secularized,
Westernized elite.
The masses wanted to see an Islamic
state.
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Jinnah and Gandhi - 1944

Austin 2006

http://www.pakistan.gov/pk/

Modern State vs. Islamic

State

Agree on a democracy
Disagree on
underpinning Principles
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Modern State vs. Islamic

State
Modernist
intellectuals
and politicians
wanted to
create a
secular,
constitutional
government.

Conservatives
and
fundamentalist
s wanted to
create a theodemocratic
state.

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Pakistani Leadership
1947-1948 Muhammed Ali Jinnah
Governor General

1948-1951 Liaquat Ali Khan

Prime Minister

1951-1958
Six Different Prime
Ministers
1958-1969 General Ayub Khan
President
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Pakistani Leadership
1969-1973 General Yahya Khan
Military Leadership
1973-1977 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto
Prime Minister

1977-1988 General Zia ul-Haq

President
Austin 2006

Pakistani Leadership
1988-1990 Benazir Bhutto
1993-1996
Prime Minister
1990-1993 Nawaz Sharif
1997-1999
Prime Minister
1999

General Pervez Musharraf

Austin 2006

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

1947-1948
"... this is my own very
strong conviction that if
the Quaid [Mohammed
Ali Jinnah] had died in
March 1947, there
would have been no
Pakistan. It was pure
will power, sheer will
power of the man.
--Syed Amjad Ali
http://www.harappa.com/amjad_ali/jinnah.html

Austin 2006

Muhammed Ali Jinnah

1947-1948
Jinnah, head of the
Muslim League, was
the founding father of
Pakistan and became
the first governor
general of Pakistan
with Liaquat Ali Khan
as the first prime
minister. Jinnah died a
year later on Sept.
11, 1948.
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Liaquat Ali Khan

1947-1951
Remained as prime
minister after
Jinnahs death.
Struggled to
negotiate a
constitution.
Was assassinated
in 1951.
Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman
during his 1950 visit to the U.S.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/
timeline2.html

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1951-1958
Pakistan still governed by British
colonial law
Quick succession of 6 prime
ministers in 7 years
Political instability, racial and ethnic
conflict, and an economic downturn
resulted in a military coup
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Constitution of 1956
Collection of modern,
secular laws -parliamentary
democracy
Guiding influence of Islam

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General Ayub Khan

1958-1969
Pakistans first
military ruler
Popular reforms won
him reelection in
1960
Martial law ended
with 1962
constitution
Resigned in 1969 and
gave power to Gen.
Yahya Khan
Austin 2006

www.frontlineonnet.com

Constitution of 1962
Focused on a liberal, modernist
interpretation of Islam
Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to
prevent Jamaat-l Islami from taking
power.
Appointment of 37 reform commissions
with little concern for Islamic issue
Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political
party in elections
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General Yahya Khan

1969-1971
Immediately declared
martial law and made
himself president
Held the first general
elections of Pakistan
in Dec. 1970
Differences between
East and West
Pakistan led to civil
war and Bangladeshs
independence
www.thestoryofpakistan.com

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Pakistan

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

1971
Leader of the most
popular party
Became president when
Yahya Khan resigned in
August 1973, and a
new constitution went
into effect.
Bhutto resigned from
the presidency to
become prime minister
Later was overthrown
and hanged
Austin 2006

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906.stm

Constitution of 1973
Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made
concessions to Jamaat-l Islami
Islam declared state religion for the first
time
Compulsory Islamic education
Demanded published error-free Quran
Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol,
night clubs and dancing.
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Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag

1977-1985

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html

Enforced Martial
Law for the third
time in the short
Pakistani history
Commissioned in
the British Army in
World War II and
served in Burma,
Malaya and
Indonesia
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General Zia-ul-Haq
Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan
became independent.
Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as
Chief of Army Staff, superseding five
senior Generals.
Carried out a bloodless coup
overthrowing Bhutto's government and
enforced Martial Law in the country.
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General Zias
Amendments
Zia intervened to remove corrupt
Bhutto constitution.
Sharia incorporated into politics and
law-punishment for crimes
Law amended to give lesser status to
women and minorities

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Benazir Bhutto
1988-1990; 1993-1996

www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/html

Educated at Ratcliff
and Oxford
Detained and
imprisoned for
leadership of
Pakistan Peoples
Party
Pledged to focus on
health, social welfare
and education
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Benazir Bhutto
First woman to head
government of an
Islamic state
Deposed in 1990 by
President Ghulam
Ishaq Khan who
dissolved parliament
to force an election.
Re-elected in 1993
and dismissed three
years later
http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm

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Nawaq Sharif
1990-1993; 1997-1999
Two nonconsecutive terms
as prime minister
First term: platform
of conservative
government to end
corruption.
Returned to power
in 1997, changed
the constitution.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html

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Nawaq Sharif
South Asias first
motorway linked
Lahore and Islamabad.
Nuclear tests on May
28, 1998, responded
to Indian nuclear tests
Unpopular after
Kargil War, at the
time Pakistan and
India were negotiating
peace.
Overthrown in 1999,
exiled to Saudi Arabia

Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second tim

http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A088

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Pervez Musharraf
2001-present
Became de facto
Head of Government
after bloodless coup
dtat
Supreme Court
ordered elections and
referendum
National Assembly
had plurality in favor
of Musharrafdeadlocked
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html

Austin 2006

Pervez Musharraf
2001-present
Vote of confidence in 2004 for term
through 2007
Sided with United States against Taliban
Declared that exiled leaders could not
return for general elections.
Gave use of three air bases to United
States
Serves as both Army Chief and President
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Musharraf and Bush

2006

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics

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Power: Military as Political

Actors
From General Khan to General Musharraf,
military has intervened in Pakistani politics
to prevent damage to the constitution.
Example: Gen. Musharraf seized power
when civilian prime minister removed
constitutional checks on his power
Military has produced both liberal and
conservative leaders.
Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto
from power and also intervened to ensure
his daughter, Benazir Bhutto, could
participate in a fair election.
Austin 2006

Power
Knowing that, throughout history,
societies are part of the struggle for
power, we ask:
/
How do different individuals
and groups
seize power and establish their authority?
What elements beyond political or military
strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
power?
How do systems of government preserve or
relinquish power?
Austin 2006

Austin 2006

Resources
Ahmad, Aziz. Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964.
The Genesis of Pakistan. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
British Broadcasting Company
http://newsvot.bbc.co.uk/
Esposito, John L. Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic State. Voices of
Resurgent Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1983.
National Geographic Xpeditions: Geography Standards in Your
Classroom
http://nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?
Parent=asia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d

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Resources (continued)
Pakistan.Gov: The Official Web Gateway to the
Government of Pakistan. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/
Pakistan Link. http://www.pakistanlink.com/
Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, New
Work. http://www.un.int/pakistan/00home00.htm
Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline1.html
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Resources (continued)
Story of Pakistan http://www.storyofpakistan.com/
WIC Biography Benazir Bhutto
http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm/
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan
The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html
Austin 2006