Chapter 12: (Static) Equilibrium and

Elasticity

Objects in static equilibrium dont move.

Of special interest to civil and mechanical engineers and architects.
Well also learn about elastic (reversible) deformations (rubber).
Plastic deformations are irreversible (like play dough)

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-2 Equilibrium
r
r
P a constant and L= a constant

Equilibrium

Static equilibrium two requirements:

(the constants are
equal to zero)
unstable

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

r
P 0 and

r
L0

stable

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12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium

1. The net force acting on the

particle must be zero.

F 0

2. The net torque about any axis

acting on the particle must be

zero.

3. The angular and linear speeds

must be zero.
Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium

Is this object in
static equilibrium?

A force couple is acting on an object. A

force couple is a pair of forces of equal
magnitude and opposite direction along
parallel lines of action

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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It matters at which point the

force is applied!!

If equal and opposite forces are applied at different points

object is not in equilibrium, since there is a net torque.
If equal and opposite forces are applied at the same point or along
27,axis
2016
Lecture
by Dr. M.
5/21
theDec
same
object
is innotes
equilibrium

Requirements of static equilibrium (in

x-y plane 2D)

1. The net force acting on the

particle must be zero.

F 0

2. The net torque about any axis

acting on the particle must be
zero.

3. The angular and linear speeds

must be zero.
Dec 27, 2016 Lecture notes by Dr. M.

We restrict ourselves to
forces in the x-y plane.
Thus:

Fx 0

Fy 0
z 0
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Checkpoint 12-1

Dec 27, 2016

The figure gives six overhead views of a uinform rod on

which two or more forces act perpendicular to the rod. If
the magnitudes of the forces are adjusted properly (but
kept nonzero), in which situations can the rod be in
static equilibrium?

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-4 The Center of Gravity (cog)

Consider an extended object.

- The gravitational force Fg always acts on the
center of gravity!
- The center of gravity (cog) is equal to the center
of mass (com).

xcog xcom
Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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Balanced rock

For this system to be in static equilibrium, the center of gravity must

be directly over the support point.
Dec 27, 2016 Lecture notes by Dr. M.
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Why??

Problem-solving hints:
Objects in static equilibrium
1. Draw a sketch of the problem
2. Select the object/system to which you will apply the laws of
equilibrium.
-

Show and label all the external forces acting on the

system/object.

Indicate where the forces are applied.

3. Establish a convenient coordinate system for forces. Then

apply condition 1: Net force must equals zero.
4. Establish a convenient coordinate system for torque. Then
apply condition 2: Net torque must equals zero.
Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-5 Some Examples of

Static Equilibrium
Sample Problem 12-1

A uniform beam, of length L and mass m = 1.8

kg, is at rest with its ends on two scales. A
uniform block, with mass M = 2.7 kg, is at rest
on the beam, with its center a distance L/4 from
the beam's left end. What do the scales read?

Fnet,y 0

Fl Fr Mg mg 0

L L L 1

Choose the rotation axis at the left end of the beam

r
net,o 0 (0)( Fl ) ( L / 4)( Mg ) ( L / 2)(mg ) ( L)( Fr ) 0

Fr 14 Mg 12 mg
14 (2.7 kg )(9.8 m / s2 ) 12 (1.8 kg )(9.8 m / s2 )
15.44 N 15 N

from (1) Fl ( M m) g Fr
(2.7 kg 1.8 kg )(9.8 m / s2 ) 15.44 N
28.66 N 29 N

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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Sample Problem 12-2

A ladder of length L = 12 m and mass m = 45 kg

leans against a slick (frictionless) wall. Its upper end
is at height h = 9.3 m above the pavement on which
the lower end rests (the pavement is not frictionless).
The ladder's center of mass is L/3 from the lower
end. A firefighter of mass M = 72 kg climbs the
ladder until her center of mass is L/2 from the lower
end. What then are the magnitudes of the forces on
the ladder from the wall and the pavement?
Choose the rotation axis at O

r
net,o 0

(h)( Fw ) (a / 2)( Mg ) (a /3)(mg ) (0)( Fpx ) (0)( Fpy ) 0

substitute

a L2 h 2 7.58 m

2
Fw ga ( M / 2 m /3) (9.8 m / s )(7.58 m)(72/ 2 kg 45/3 kg )
h
9.3 m

407 N 410 N

Fnet,x 0

Fw Fpx 0

Fnet,y 0

Fpy ( M m) g (72 kg 45 kg )(9.8 m / s 2 ) 1146.6 N 1100 N

Fpx Fw 410 N

Note that Fpx is the static friction from the pavement. It may not be equal to the
Dec 27,
2016
notes by Dr. M.
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maximum
value
of s FLecture
py.

Sample Problem 12-3

A safe, of mass M = 430 kg, is hanging by a rope

from a boom with dimensions a = 1.9 m and b = 2.5
m. The boom consists of a hinged beam and a
horizontal cable that connects the beam to a wall.
The uniform beam has a mass m of 85 kg; the mass
of the cable and rope are negligible.
r
(a) What is the tension Tc in the cable? In other
words, what is the magnitude of the force Tc on

the beam from the cable?

Note that Tc is not equal to Tr . Take the rotation axis at O.

r
net,o 0

(a)(Tc ) (b)(Tr ) ( 12 b)(mg ) 0

g b ( M 12 m)
Since Tr = Mg, we have : Tc
a
2 )(2.5 m)(430 kg 85/ 2 kg )
(9.8
m
/
s

1.9 m

6093 N 6100 N

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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Sample Problem 12-3

Sample Problem 13-3

(b) Find the magnitude F of the net force on

the beam from the hinge.
Fnet,x 0

Fnet,y 0

Fh Tc 0

Fh Tc 6093 N

Fv mg Tr 0

Fv (m M ) g (85 kg 430 kg )(9.8 m / s 2 )

5047 N
F Fh2 Fv 2

(6093 N )2 (5047 N )2 7900 N

r
Note that the force F does not point along the beam.

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-7 Elastic properties of solids

Definitions of Stress and Strain.
Stress: Force per unit cross sectional area.
Strain: Measure of the degree of deformation.
These two quantities are related by the
following equation that defines the modulus of
elasticity:
stress = modulus x strain
Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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12-7 Elastic properties of solids

We will consider three types of deformations and define an
elastic modulus for each.
1. Change in length. YOUNGS MODULUS, E measures
the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.
2. Shearing. SHEAR MODULUS, G measures the
resistance to shearing.
3. Change in volume. BULK MODULUS, B measures the
resistance to changes in volume.

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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Youngs modulus, E

Tension or compression
Note the force F is
perpendicular to area A

Youngs modulus, E:
tensile stress
F/A
E

Dec 27, 2016 Lecture

notes
by Dr. M.L / L
tensile
strain
i

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Stress-strain curve

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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Shear modulus, G

Shear modulus, G:
shear stress F / A
G

shear strain x / h
Dec 27,Note
2016that Lecture
bythe
Dr.plane
M. of the area
the forcenotes
lies in

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Bulk modulus, B

Hydraulic compression
or stress

Bulk modulus, B:
volume stress
F/A
P
B

volume strain V / Vi V / Vi
F/A=P is the fluid pressure!
Dec 27,Note
2016that Lecture
M. the body
the forcenotes
acts by
all Dr.
around

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Sample Problem 12-5

A steel rod has a radius R of 9.5 mm and a length L

of 81 cm. A 62 kN force stretches it along its
length. What are the stress on the rod and the
elongation and strain of the rod?
The area of the end face is R2
4N
F
F
6.2
x
10
stress

A R 2 ( )(9.5 x 103 m)2

2.2 x 108 N / m2
8 N / m2 )(0.81 m)
(
F
/
A
)
L
(2.2
x
10
L

8.9 x 104 m 0.89 mm (Use E from table)

11
2
E
2.0 x 10 N / m

L 8.9 x 104 m
1.1 x 103 0.11 %
L
0.81 m

Dec 27, 2016

Lecture notes by Dr. M.

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