KONSEP DASAR:

BACKGROUND, RESEARCH
PADA RISET KUALITATIF
QUESTION
Dr. Yati Afiyanti, SKp., MN
Present:

PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
Definisi

dan karakteriktik
penelitian
kualitatif
Jenis-jenis penelitian kualitatif
Perbedaan umum penelitian
kualitatif dan kuantitatif

DEFINISI:
Suatu pendekatan mengeksplorasi,
menemukan, menjelaskan, &
menerangkan fenomena or obyek
sosial yang tidak dapat didefinisikan,
diukur, & dijumlahkan dengan angka
(ex: nilai-nilai, kepercayaan, persepsi
tentang pengalaman)

STUDI KUALITATIF:
Tidak mengadakan perhitungan statistik,
berfokus
pada kealamiahan sumber data
Istilah lain: inkuiri naturalistik, etnografi,
interaksionisme simbolik, etnometodologi,
fenomenologis, studi kasus, interpretatif,
ekologis, dan deskriptif

CONT
Tujuan

penelitian: menjelaskan dan

memberi pemahaman tentang
pengalaman manusia dalam berbagai
bentuk
Asumsi dasar: tidak semua persoalan atau
fenomena alam dapat dikuantifikasikan
Pemberian makna dari pengalaman
hidup atau fenomena yang terjadi

PERBEDAAN KUALITATIF &

KUANTITATIF
Kualitatif

Subjectivity valued
Multiple realities
Discovery, description,
understanding
Interpretative
Whole is greater than
the parts
Report rich narrative
Researcher part of
research process
Participants
Context
dependent

Kuantitatif

Objective
One reality
Reduction, control,
prediction
Measurable
Parts equal the
whole
Report statistical
separate
Subjects
Context free

BACKGROUND: WHY
WORKING
QUALITATIVELY???
Situasi atau fenomena riset yang belum byk
informasinya & belum memungkinkan untuk
dijelaskan secara obyektif/belum ada
parameternya
Ex: Changes in birthrate only guess at
reasons for these patterns without
understanding of peoples own accounts of
their behavior
Need to understand what children mean to
parent in
this society before on predict
fertility rates, so must do listen to parents
stories of parenthood rather than ask

SHOULD I BE WORKING
QUALITATIVELY?
If the purpose is to:

Understand an area where little is known

or where
previously findings appears
inadequate (thin, bias, partial)
Make sense of complex situation,
multicontext data, &
changing & shifting phenomena.
Construct a theory or a theoretical
framework that reflects reality rather than
my own perspective or prior research results
Memahami fenomena kehidupan manusia
secara dalam dan terinci

FENOMENA STUDI KUALITATIF

Kehidupan seseorang
Peristiwa-peristiwa
Cerita-cerita
Perilaku
Pergerakan sosial
Pemberian makna pada suatu
pengalaman hidup seseorang
Hubungan dengan orang lain

JENIS PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

Fenomenologi
Teori

Grounded
Etnografi
Historis
Studi Kasus dan Narrative
Teori Kritik Sosial
Action Research

METODOLOGI RISET KUALITATIF

1. Ethnography:
Understanding cultural and behavior rules

Observer role includes some participation in the

situation
Observation is a key data collection method, with
informal and formal interviewing

Exploring a phenomenon in depth

2. Phenomenology

May include lived experience

universal, if have spesific life
hystoris method

3. Grounded theory
Developing theory inductively from the data

Relies on iterative process of data collection and data

analysis

Generating hypotheses which are then tested

through data collection

METODOLOGI RISET KUALITATIF

4. Action research
Attempts

to bring about change in practice

during the research
Attempts to influence the real world
through a spiral process of change and
evaluation

5. Feminist research
Non-threatening

and non-hierarchical
relationship between researcher and
participants
Two-fold goal:
to raise consciousness of womens issues

TYPE OF QUESTIONS

What are behavioral

patterns of.....
(observational
quest)
What is going on
here....about
values, beliefs, &
practices of a
cultural group
What is the
meaning of....

Etnografi

Phenomenol
ogy

What is the
process of
becoming......
What are the
dimensions of
this
experience.........
.......

Grounded
theory

KARAKTERISTIK
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
melihat pada konteks dari
suatu keutuhan, multi realitas
Manusia (peneliti) sebagai alat
instrumen;
kepercayaan pada partisipants
viewpoint
Analisis data dilakukan secara induktif
Deskriptif (transkrip interv, catt. Lap,
foto, dokumen pribadi, komentarkomentar partisipan)
Penekanan pada makna/arti fenomena
Alamiah

 Empati

kepada orang lain

Pendengar yang baik
Tidak sombong
Melihat sesuatu dari
pandangan/persepsi orang lain
Memahami perilaku individu
or suatu kelompok
Dll

BAGAIMANA MEMPEROLEH
INFORMASI/DATA?
Partisipants

observation
Interviews (structure or
unstructure)
Written data
Documentary evident
Life history, etc

Differentiating Approaches
by Foci
A potrait
Culture-Sharing
Group

A
Case

Individual

Narative Study
Phenomenology

A
Phen
omen
on

Et
hn
og
ra
ph
y

C
a
s
e
S
t
u
d
y

PENGAMBILAN DATA
Purposive
Sample in
qual vs quan

Theoretical
Sample

selected

according
to relevance to
study (dipilih
seorang yang
memiliki ahli ttg
pengalaman
hidupnya)

selected

on basis of
analytical insights
and developing

PENGAMBILAN DATA

Convenienc
e

Snowball

Sample

selected
according to ease
and convenience for
research

Participants

nominate other
potential
participants.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Thematic

analysis
Content analysis
Constant comparison method
Discourse analysis
Critical discourse analysis
Conversation analysis
Analysis of narratives

HASIL ANALISIS DATA

tema atau konsep
Bergaya personal
Deskripsi tebal
Naratif report
Vignet (case report)
Tabel frekuensi distribusi
Cerita

C/ TEMA & INTERPRETASI

(AFIYANTI & MILANTI, NHS,
2013)

DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

Purposive

sampling
Critical cases
Convenience cases
The popular approach maximum
variation sampling is suggested
by qualitative experts

PREDICTION OF SAMPLE SIZE

Phenomenology:

1-10 (Dukes, 1984)

Narrative: 1-2 indiv
Grounded: 20-30 (Charmaz, 2006)
Case study: 4-5 cases in single study
Ethnography:
numerous artifacts,
interviews,
and
observations
collected until the workings are clear.

FAKTOR PENENTU SAMPLE SIZE

The quality of data,
The scope of the study,
The nature of the topic
The amount of useful information obtained
from each
participant
The number of interviews per participant
The use of shadowed data
The qualitative method and study design
used.

PENELITIAN
FENOMENOLOGI
Fokus
pada pemahaman tentang
respon pengalaman hidup individu
termasuk interaksinya dengan
orang lain
Discovering what is like to live the
experience
and how about it (universal life
experiences)

THE PURPOSE
STATEMENT OF
PHENOMENOLOGY
Describe

Experience
s
Meaning
Essence

ANALISIS DATA
The

systematic data analysis

procedures of significant statement,
meaning, themes, and an exhaustive
description of the essence
The outcome of phenomenology is to
describe the essence of the
experience for the participants

Template for
Coding a
Phenomenological
Essence of
the
Study Phenomenon
Epoche
or
Personal
Bracketi
ng

Significa
nt
Stateme
nts

Meani
ng
Units

Textur
Descripti
al
on

Structur
al
Descripti
on

TEORI GROUNDED
Explore social processes that present within
human
interactions (inductive to deductive)
Examine in an in-depth fashion the
practices, behaviors, beliefs, and
attitude of individuals or groups as they
normally function in real life
The goal of grounded discover
theoretically complete explanations about
particular phenomena

GLASER & STRAUSS, 1967

Provides

for the systematic generation

of theory from data acquired by a
rigorous research method

GROUNDED THEORY
Paket

metode
riset:

Pengumpulan

data
Coding &
analysis
(theoretical
sampling &
memoing)
Sorting to

PENELITIAN ETNOGRAFI
Anthropologists work (culture, ritual)
The work of describing culture an intense
desire to understand other individuals lives
and the researcher
becomes part of a
specific culture scene
Development theory of culture behavior
Differences of culture to understand culture
effect on the behavior and human health

THE PURPOSE
STATEMENT OF
ETHNOGRAPHY

Culture-sharing

froup
Cultural behavior and language
Cultural portrait
Cultural themes

Template for
Coding
an Ethnography
Cultural Potrait of
CultureSharing Group
Theoritic
al
Lens

Descripti
on of
the
Culture

#
1

Field

Analysis
of
Theme
s

#
2

#
3

Issu
es

#
4

Interpretatio
n

ACTION RESEARCH
Taking

action to improve practice and

systematically studying the effects of the
action taken
Generate solutions to practices problems that
relevant to a particular setting in which the
research occurs
Participatory action research
The implementation of change as a vital
stage in the research process

PENELITIAN HISTORIS
(WHAT HAPPEN IN THE PAST)
Merekonstruksi

kondisi masa
lampau secara obyektif,
sistematis, dan akurat
Dapat dilakukan untuk menguji
hipotesis
Data diperoleh dari catatancatatan,
artifak-artifak, atau laporan
verbal

STUDI KASUS
Mempelajari

secara intensif tentang

latar
belakang keadaan dan posisi saat ini
Subjek: individu, kelompok, institusi,
atau
masyarakat
Subjek relatif terbatas pada kondisi
tertentu

CONTOH STUDI
The experiences of women who
have had
lumpectomies as breast cancer
treatment

REFERENSI
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (1996). Qualitative
research for nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Scienc
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, KM., Guest,
G., & Namey,
E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data
collector's field
guide. North Carolina: Family Health International.
Richards, L & Morse, JM. (2013). Read me first for
a users guide to qualitative methods. 3rd ed.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
Cresswell (2011)........

SELAMAT MENCOBA
SEMOGA
SUKSES