Quoting, Paraphrasing,

Summarizing

Incorporating Sources

Quoting
Paraphrasing
Summarizing

Quoting

Repeating EXACTLY what another author or

speaker wrote or said
There are two kinds: direct and indirect
quotation.
In a direct quotation, another persons exact
words are repeated and are enclosed in
quaotation marks.
In an indirect quotation, the speakers words
are reported without quotaion marks.

Paraphrasing

Putting a short passage from another

author or speaker into your own style
Paraphrasing should not alter the
ideas of the original author or
speaker
Paraphrasing can be shorter or
longer than the original passage

Summarizing

Takes a long passage or whole

document written by someone else
and reduces it to main points in your
own style
Shorter than the original
Should not alter the ideas of the
original

When Should You Quote?

The style of the original is impressive

The author has credibility that will
impress your reader
You are going to analyze the wording
of the original to make one of your
points

Direct quotation: Reporting verbs

A signal phrase lets your reader know

when you are about to use someone
elses ideas.
Sample signal phrases:
According to (Author Name)
(Author Name), economist, writes:
(Author Name{s}) argue, claim, declare,
insist, mention, report, say, state,
suggest, write.

Citing in APA

If you use a signal phrase, put the citation

immediately after the signal phrase in
parenthesis.
Sugarberry (2004) indicates that Gallica roses do not
fare well in the hot, humid southeast.

If you do NOT use a signal phrase, put the citation

at the end of the sentence.
The employment profiles for this time period
substantiated this trend (Federal Employment,
2001).

Punctuation

Catlin stated, The sophisticated

athlete who wants to take drugs has
switched to things we cant test for.

Citing in APA

If you use a signal phrase, put the citation

immediately after the signal phrase in
parenthesis.
Sugarberry (2004) indicates that Gallica roses do not
fare well in the hot, humid southeast.

If you do NOT use a signal phrase, put the citation

at the end of the sentence.
The employment profiles for this time period
substantiated this trend (Federal Employment,
2001).

Exercise

As Dr. Hendrik Harsono, a well-known

scientist, said black hole in ozone is one
of the most interesting phenomena.

Dr. Hendrik Harsono, a well-known

scientist stated, Black hole in ozone is
one of the most interesting
phenomena.

Changing direct into indirect

Omit the quotation marks

Add the subordinator that (may be
omitted)
Change the verb tense if necessary
(except general truth, and according
to)
Change pronouns as necessar

Example

Susan said, The exam is at eight

oclock.
Susan said (that) the exam was at
eight oclock.

Exercise

Topic sentence: The increase use of computers in business

has been accompanied by a costly increase in computer
crime.
Main point: Computer criminals cost business a lot of
money.
Quotation: The financial lossess to business from
computer thefts will exceed $15 billion in 1998.
Main point: Computer criminals steal not only money but
also information.
Quotation: It is not just the money they steal; they steal
data, and data is power.
Source: A book by Meredith Bruce, Cybercrime, 2012,
page 185.

 The increase use of computers in

business has been accompanied by a
costly increase in computer crime.
Computer criminals cost business a
lot of money. Meredith Bruce (2012)
stated that, The financial lossess to
business from computer thefts will
exceed $15 billion in 1998.

 Computer criminals steal not only

money but also information. Meredith
Bruce (2012) said that It was not just
the money they stole; they stole
data, and data was power.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing might best be described as

translating a passage into a new style.
All evidence of the original style,
including sentence structure and word
choices that reveal the original authors
personal style, should be changed.
Some disciplines/instructors require that
the order of ideas presenting should be
significantly different from the original,
too.

Paraphrasing

Original: Teenagers are hurt by raising the

minimum wage in two ways.
Bad paraphrase: Teens are wounded by increasing
the minimum wage in two fashions.
Why doesnt it work? Only a few words were
changed. The original sentence structure is still
visible.

Paraphasing

Original: Teenagers are hurt by raising the

minimum wage in two ways.
Paraphrase: For two reasons, increasing the
minimum wage negatively affects workers age
16-19.
Hurray!!! The sentence is different, and only the
phrase minimum wage remains the same.

Paraphrasing

Q: Why is it okay to repeat the phrase

minimum wage?
A: No one researching or writing about
the issue can avoid using minimum
wage, so its use is not stealing
someones style.

Paraphrasing Step By Step

Select a passage to paraphrase.

Read the passage until you feel like you understand it
completely.
Set aside the book, try to put the passage into your
own organization and words. It may help to imagine an
audience of a young child or elderly relative, because
they will require a different vocabulary from most
sources.
You may include words for which there is no good
synonym.
Check your paraphrase against the original; it should
be ACCURATE and IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
Name the source of the original passage.

Poor Paraphrase

Original: The worry on Wall Street is

that the housing market is getting so
weak it will crimp consumer spending,
which until now has helped keep the
economy afloat.
Paraphrase: The concern on Wall Street
is that the housing market is getting so
pathetic that it will reduce consumer
spending, which up until now has kept
the economy from failing (Dixon, 2003).

Good Paraphrase

Original: The worry on Wall Street is

that the housing market is getting so
weak it will crimp consumer spending,
which until now has helped keep the
economy afloat.
Economists are concerned that
consumer spending that is now
keeping our national economy alive
will soon be affected by the troubles
in the housing market (Dixon, 2003).

Paraphrasing Practice

Married women who made

$40,000 or more a year spent
nearly one hour less on
housework per day than women
who earned $10,000 or less,
according to the findings based
on data from the National Survey
of Families and Households.
(Dexter, 2012)

 Married women who made

$40,000 or more a year spent
nearly one hour less on
housework per day than women
who earned $10,000 or less,
There are the distinction between
career woman and housewife,
career woman has salary

Summary

Unlike paraphrase, summary does

not go line-by-line to report on all the
ideas from an original.
Summary is a boiling down.
Summary still requires citation.
Summary compresses the text into
shortest possible sentences.

Summary Guidelines

Make sure you are accurate to the

original. It is unethical to report that
someone said something they didnt.
Make sure the main points are in
your own words and avoid accidental
plagiarism.
Cite!

Summary Writing
To write a good summary, keep the following in mind:
Mention the source and the author at the beginning of the summary. For
example, Teaching English in Indonesia, an essay by Dudley Devlin....
State the authors main idea without distorting those ideas or adding
your own.
State the authors most important supporting evidence or sub-points
without distorting them. Do not include details.
Use your own wording. Occasionally, however, a phrase in the original
may be interesting or controversial. In that case, you may use the
authors exact words if you put quotation marks around them.
Organization:
The introduction contains the kind (an article?, a book?), the title, and the
author of the written material and states the main point of the original article.
The body contains the main ideas of the article in the same order they appeared
in the article.
The conclusion briefly relates the conclusion of the author of the original article.

Assignement-1

Choose one article from (newspaper,

magazine,
or
journal).
Read
the
selection quickly to get the main idea.
Read the selection again and summarize
it. Write a short summary (200-250
words) of that article. Remember that
summary should be written in the
present tense. Attach your original text
when you submit your summary.