Professional Documents
Culture Documents
water quality
It can impair the use of water
Hazardous to public health through toxicity or
spreading disease
Large number of causes for modifying the quality
of ground water
Outbreak of Cholera in London in 1854
Jaundice attack in and after the rainy season
In contrast of surface pollution, it is difficult to
detect groundwater pollution
Efforts are increasing to prevent, reduce and
eliminate groundwater pollution
pH = 6.5 to 8.5
Total Hardness:
Soft: 0 - 17.1, Slightly hard: 17.1 60
Moderately hard: 60 120
Hard: 120 180
Very Hard: 180 & above
EC= 1-100 S/cm
of groundwater
Chemical Pollutants
Organic: organic carbon, phenols, detergents etc
Inorganic: Acidity, Alkalinity, Aluminum, Arsenic, Nitrogen,
Nickel, Sodium, Potassium etc
inorganic chemicals
Solid Waste: very important source of ground water
pollution, concept of landfill
contd..
Agricultural Sources
Irrigation return flows: one half to two third
Agricultural Sources
contd..
Animal waste
Fertilizer (Nitrogen) and soil amendments
on prioritized basis
Review and interpretation of monitored data
Summarize and transmission of info to monitoring agency
Management of Groundwater
Maximum development of groundwater resources
Disadvantages
Few new sites available
High evaporation losses
Require large land area
Ever present danger of
catastrophic failures
Fluctuating water temperature
Easily contaminated
Easily contaminated by
radioactivity
Water must be conveyed:
surface pipelines/ canals are
the prerequisites
Advantages/ Disadvantages
contd..
Advantages
Disadvantages
Water must be pumped
Storage & conveyance use
only
Water may be mineralized
Minor flood control value
Limited Flow at any point
Power Head usually no
available
Difficult & costly to
manage, evaluate and
investigate
Recharge depends on
surplus flows
Recharge water may
require expensive treatment
Land Surface
Evaporation
Infiltration
Aeration Zone
Capillary rise
Seepage
Down percolation
Saturation Zone
Seepage
& Spring
O
C
E
A
N
Base Flow
Surface inflow-outflow
Precipitation
Consumptive use
Changes in surface storage
Changes in Ground water storage
Subsurface Inflow-outflow