Bab 1

Sistem
Pengangkut
an

1.1 KEPERLUAN
SISTEM
PENGANGKUTAN
DALAM SISTEM
MULTISEL

Perbezaan Pengangkutan?
multisel

unisel

unisel
Menyerap dan menyingkir
melalui proses resapan.
Mempunyai JLP/I yg besar
memudahkan proses
penyerapan.
JLP/I = Nisbah jumlah luas
permukaan per isipadu

JLP/I ???

IN:
Oxygen
Nutrients
Water

The plasma
membrane of a
cell is the surface
of exchange for
materials between
the inside and the
outside of the cell.
OUT:
Carbon dioxide
Waste
Products (e.g. proteins)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

As the cell gets larger, it

requires more resources to
be imported and produces
more products (and waste) to
be exported.
Therefore, a larger volume
requires more exchange
across the membrane.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

As the cell gets larger

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

As the cell gets larger

the surface area to
volume ratio
actually gets
smaller

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

As the cell gets larger

the surface area to
volume ratio
actually gets
smaller
so the
exchange
processes
become less
efficient with
increasing size.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

Diffusion
Pathways
are shorter
(and more
efficient) in
smaller
cells with a
larger
surface are
to volume
ratio.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere

SOLUTION ??

1.2 KONSEP
PEREDARAN
DARAH

Fungsi sistem peredaran darah

3 fungsi utama:
1.

Mengangkut bahan di dalam badan.

Contohnya oxygen, glukosa, karbon
dioksida, nutrien, bahan buangan dan air

2.

Mengawal suhu badan.

3. Melindungi badan. Darah

mengandungi sel yg melawan
jangkitan dan memberhentikan
darah.

3 KOMPONEN UTAMA SISTEM PEREDARAN

DARAH
1. Medium pengangkutan ------- darah
2. Salur ---------arteri, vena dan kapilari
3. Organ pengepaman -------- jantung

55
%
45
%

APAKAH BEZA DARAH & HEMOLIMFA?

1.DARAH
Medium pengangkutan di dalam
badan manusia dan haiwan
2.HEMOLIMFA
Cecair nutritive seperti darah
yang dijumpai dalam badan
serangga.

1.Platelet
Platelets are also carried in the blood.
Formed in red bone marrow.
Produce thrombokinase
a chemical needed for blood
clotting.
Platelets help to repair tissues
and close wounds both
internally and externally.
When needed, they grow into
irregular shapes and stick
together to form a plug over
the wound.

2.Red blood cells

Blood is made up of a number of different
elements.
The most
cell in blood is the red
Also
calledcommon
erythrocytes.
blood cell.
Disc-shaped.
Made in the bone marrow.
Contain a red-coloured
compound called
haemoglobin which bonds
with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the
tissues.

3.White blood cells

Blood also contains white blood cells.
Also called leucocytes.
They are bigger than
red blood cells and have
large nuclei.
Act as the bodys
defence system.

Some white blood cells surround and

consume harmful microbes.
Some produce chemicals called
antibodies that fight infection.
colorless

 Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood in

different proportions:
neutrophil 50 - 70 %
eosinophil 2 - 4 %
basophil 0,5 - 1 %
lymphocyte 20 - 40 %
monocyte 3 - 8 %

Leukocytes ( WBC)
1. Granulocytes
2. A granulocytes

1. Granulocytes
Granular cytoplasm
filled with microscopic granules that are
little sacs containing enzymes,
compounds that digest
microorganisms.
Lobed nuclei( kelepek)
Form in bone marrow
Consist of:
1. Basophils
2. Neutrophils
3. Eosinophils

Neutrophils
As a
Phagocytes
Which digest
bacteria and
dead cells
By
phagocytosis
process

Neutrophils

Eosinophils
Control allergic
responses
Kill parasitic
worms by
release enzyme.

eosinophils

Basophils
Secretes heparin to
prevent blood
clotting
Involve in
combating
inflammatory and
allergic reactions

basophils

2. Agranulocytes
Clear cytoplasm
Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek)
Consist of
1. Lymphocytes
2. monocytes

Lymphocytes
Produce
antibodies
Neutralize
toxins
Produce immune
responses against
foreign substance
Largest
leucocytes

Monocytes
Phagocytes
Engulf digested
bacteria and
dead cells
Origin: from bone
marrow