Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Object of Earthing
The object of an earthing system is to provide as nearly as
possible a surface under and around a station which shall be at
a uniform potential and as nearly zero or absolute earth
potential as possible. The purpose is to ensure that generally
all parts of the equipment, other than live parts are at earth
potential and that attending personnel are at earth potential at
all times. Also by providing such an earth surface of uniform
potential under and surrounding the station, there can exist no
difference of potential in a short distance big enough to shock
or injure an attendant when short circuits or other abnormal
occurrences take place. The primary requirements of a good
earthing system are:
Earth Resistance
At each power supply installation, an earthing system as specified in this
code shall be provided.
Station
The
Limit
of
Resistance in Ohms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Traction substation
Switching Station
Booster transformer station
Auxiliary transformer station
0.5
2.0
10.0
10.0
BONDING IN TRD
BOND: An electrical connection between
rail to rail or
traction masts or structures or supports
to rails.
Types of bonds:
1. Longitudinal Bond (Rail Bond )
2. Transverse Bond (Cross Bond)
3. Structure Bond
4. Signal bond
5. Impedence bond
LONGITUDINAL BOND
Rail / continuity bond
RAIL BOND
An electrical connection
across a rail joint
between consecutive
lengths of rails. It is also
called a rail bond.
TRANSVERSE BOND
(CROSS BOND)
A bond between two
rails of a track or two
rails of adjacent racks.
it is also called a cross
bond.
STRUCTURE BOND
A bond connecting for
non current carrying
metallic parts of a
traction mast or
structure or support to
the traction rail.
ETI/OHE/P/7000
Bond connection
Bond connection
SYSTEM
OF
BONDING
500m
EARTH WIRE
OHE STRUCTURES
+ve
Rail
+ve
Rail
500m
CUT IN INSULATOR
500m
300 m
700 m
500 m
1000 m
BONDING OF TRACTION
RAIL IN LOCO SHED
OHE STRUCTURES
50m
100m
LOCO INSPECTION PIT
TRACTION RAIL
Earth Wire
500 m
OHE Structure
50 m
500 m
Earth Wire
OHE Structure
50 m
Earth Wire
500 m
OHE Structure
50 m
500 m
Earth Wire
OHE Structure
50 m
METALLIC FENCING
METALLIC FENCING
JUMPER
5m
TRACTION RAILS
OHE CONDUCTOR
Girder Bridge
OHE Structure
OHE Conductor
100m
100m
Earth
Pit
Girder Bridge
Earth
Pit
Girder Bridge
OHE Structure
OHE Conductor
100m
100m
Earth
Pit
Girder Bridge
Earth
Pit
EARTH PIT
350m
350m
400m
400m
METALLIC FENCING
OHE STRUCTURES
METALLIC FENCING
20m
OHE STRUCTURES
TRACTION RAIL
EARTH HEEL
EARTH PIT
TRACTION RAIL
Bond defects
&
failure
1)Improper size o
hole and/or loo
connection
2)Improper Bond
shape causing
contact area
Earthing
OBJECTS OF EARTHING
It stabilizes circuit potentials with respect to ground
and limit the overall potential rise
It protects men and materials from injury or damage
due to over voltage.
It provides low impedance path to fault current to
ensure prompt and consistent operation of
protective devices during ground faults.
It keeps the maximum voltage gradient along the
surface inside and around the substation within safe
limits during earth faults.
Electrical Shock
Electric shock occurs when the body
becomes part of an electrical circuit.
Shocks can happen in three
ways.
A person may come in contact with both
conductors in a circuit.
A person may provide a path between
an ungrounded conductor and the
ground.
A person may provide a path between
the ground and a conducting material
Step Potential
During a ground fault, current flows
through the grounding system to a
ground rod or some type of system
ground (steel structure, guy wire) seeking
a return to its source. This current flow
could possibly exist in, or along the
surface of the ground for quite some
distance around the point where the
earth becomes energized. The current will
follow, as nearly as possible, the
conductors supplying the fault current.
Step potential is caused by the flow of
fault current through the earth. The
Touch
Potential
Touch potential is a
problem similar to
step
potential.
It
involves
a
fault
current flow in the
earth establishing a
potential
difference
between the earth
contact point and
some
nearby
conductive structure
EARTHING
Earth means a connection to the
general mass of earth by means of an
earth electrode.
Earthed means connected to an earth
electrode
Max earth resistance of electrode
----- 10-Ohm.
EARTHING
Earth wire -- means a conductor run on
traction masts or structures or
supports and bonded to their metallic
parts/supports and connected to earth.
Earth electrode -- means a metal plate
or pipe or any other conductor
electrically connected to the general
mass of the earth.
EARTH ELECTRODE
ARRANGEMENT
Earth mess