Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd
Ultrasonic Testing
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd
Course Layout
Duration
:
9.5 Days (Mon Fri)
Start
:
8:30 am
Coffee Break :
10:00 10:30 am
Lunch
:
12:30 1:30 pm
Tea Break
:
3:00 3:30 pm
Day End
:
5:00 pm
Course Objective: To train and prepare
participants to obtain required skill and
knowledge in Ultrasonic Testing and to meet the
examination schemes requirements.
NDT
Most common NDT methods:
NDT
Which method is the best ?
Depends on many factors and conditions
Bottom / Backwall
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Defect
10
20
30
40
50
60
60 mm
30
46
68
C
B
A
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Ultrasonic Testing
Principles of Sound
Sound
Wavelength :
The distance required to complete a cycle
Measured in Meter or mm
Frequency :
The number of cycles per unit time
Measured in Hertz (Hz) or Cycles per second (cps)
Velocity :
How quick the sound travels
Distance per unit time
Measured in meter / second (m / sec)
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SOLID
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LIQUID
GAS
Velocity
The velocity of sound in a particular material is CONSTANT
It is the product of DENSITY and ELASTICITY of the
material
It will NOT change if frequency changes
Only the wavelength changes
Examples:
V Compression in steel
: 5960 m/s
V Compression in water : 1470 m/s
V Compression in air
: 330 m/s
5 M Hz
STEEL
WATER
AIR
Velocity
What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in
water?
4 times
If the frequency remain constant, in what material does
sound has the highest velocity, steel, water, or air?
Steel
If the frequency remain constant, in what material does
sound has the shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air?
Air
Remember the formula
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=v/f
ULTRASONIC TESTING
Very High Frequency
5 M Hz
Glass
High Frequency
5 K Hz
DRUM BEAT
Low Frequency Sound
40 Hz
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Ultrasonic
Sound : mechanical vibration
What is Ultrasonic?
Very High Frequency sound above 20 KHz
20,000 cps
Acoustic Spectrum
Sonic / Audible
Human
16Hz - 20kHz
10
100
1K
Ultrasonic
> 20kHz = 20,000Hz
0.5MHz - 50MHz
Ultrasonic : Sound with frequency above 20 KHz
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Frequency
Frequency
1 second
1 cycle per 1 second =
1 Hertz
1 second
3 cycle per 1 second =
3 Hertz
1 second
18 cycle per 1 second
= 18 Hertz
Frequency
1 Hz
=
1 cycle per second
1 Kilohertz =
1 KHz
=
1000Hz
1 Megahertz =
1 MHz
= 1000 000Hz
20 KHz =
20 000 Hz
5 M Hz =
5 000 000 Hz
Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.
Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or
gases.
Particles vibrate about a mean position.
wavelength
Displacement
wavelength
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One cycle
The distance
taken to
complete one
cycle
Wavelength
Velocity
f
Frequency
1 M Hz
LONGEST
5 M Hz
10 M Hz
25 M Hz
SMALLEST
=v/f
or
f V
or
V f
5MHz compression
wave probe in steel
5,900,000
1.18mm
5,000,000
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10 MHz
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FZ
Main
Beam
Intensity
varies
Exponential Decay
Distance
Near
Zone
Side Lobes
Main Beam
Sound Beam
Near Zone
Thickness
measurement
Detection of defects
Sizing of large
defects only
Far Zone
Thickness
measurement
Defect detection
Sizing of all defects
Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
V
D f
Near Zone
4V
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Near Zone
What is the near zone length of a 5MHz
compression probe with a crystal diameter
of 10mm in steel?
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
2
10 5,000,000
4 5,920,000
21.1mm
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Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
D f
4V
5 M Hz
5 M Hz
Near Zone
2
D
Near Zone
4
D f
4V
Beam Spread
In the far zone sound pulses spread out
as they move away from the crystal
/2
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
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Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08
6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis
or Main Beam
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Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression
or a shear wave probe?
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Beam Spread
What is the beam spread of a 10mm,5MHz
compression wave probe in steel?
KV
Sine
2
Df
1.08 5920
5000 10
o
0.1278
7.35
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5 M Hz
5 M Hz
Beam Spread
K
KV
Sine
or
2 D
Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression
or a shear wave probe?
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd