Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL
DEFECT
Pathophysiology of
Ventricular Septal Defect
Magnitude of the shunt is determined by the
size, not the location, of the level and the level
of PVR
Small defect :
- Large resistance to L R shunt occurs at the
defect, does not depend on the level of PVR
- Decrease in the PVR occurs normally in this
situation
Pathophysiology of
Ventricular Septal Defect
Moderate defect :
- Enlargement of MPA, LA, LV, and increase
pulmonary vascular markings
-LV does volume overload, not RV LV
enlargement, RV does not enlarge
-Shunt of VSD occurs mainly during systole
when RV also contracts, the shunted blood goes
directly to PA rather than remaining in RV cavity
- LA enlargement is present
Pathophysiology of
Ventricular Septal Defect
Large defect :
- the resistance offered by the defect is
minimal
- L to R shunt depends largely on the level of
PVR
- the lower the PVR, the greater magnitude of
L to R shunt
Other mechanisms :
KLAFISIKASI
Soto et al. (1980)
Keterangan :
a - Defek outlet/infundibular
b - Muskulus papilaris dari
konus
c - Defek perimembranous
d - Defek muskular marginal
e - Defek muskular
sentral/midmuskular
f - Defek inlet
g - Defek muskular apikal
Kecil
Kardiome
gali
pada
Tidak ada/
Sedang
Besar (PVR
Large
(PVR)
Moderate
Jelas
Tidak ada
minimal
foto dada
RVP
25-30%
30-50%
60-80%
100%
(%LVP)*
EKG
Normal
LVH, LAH ()
LVH, RVH,
RVH murni
LAH
Manifestasi klinis
sangat tergantung kepada besarnya defek
serta derajat pirau dari kiri ke kanan yang
terjadi
Letaknya defek biasanya tidak mempengaruhi
derajat manifestasi klinis
Auskultasi :
- bising pansistolik yang
biasanya keras
- getaran bising (+)
- pungtum maksimum di sela
iga III-IV garis parastenal
kiri & menjalar kesepanjang
garis sternum kiri, bahkan ke
seluruh prekordium
Auskultasi :
- bising pansistolik
- getaran bising ()
- Bising pada DSV besar ini
sering tidak memenuhi seluruh
fase sistole seperti pada
defek sedang, tetapi melemah
pada akhir sistole
Hal ini disebabkan oleh tekanan ventrikel
kanan akibat resistensi vaskular paru
sehingga terjadi tekanan sistolik yang sama
besarnya pada kedua ventrikel pada akhir
sistole
Intensitas P2 meningkat
Bunyi jantung I N
Bunyi jantung II mengeras & tunggal
Bising yang sebelumnya jelas menjadi berkurang
intensitasnya, kontur bising yang semula pansistolik
berubah menjadi ejeksi sistolik
Tidak jarang bising menghilang sama sekali, yang
menunjukkan tidak terdapatnya pirau yang
bermakna
Hati teraba besar akibat bendungan sistemik,
edema jarang ditemukan
Pemeriksaan radiologis
EKG
DSV kecil
: biasanya normal
Ekokardiografi
Ekokardiografi
Kateterisasi
CONSERVATIVELY
CATHETER
INTERVENTION
SURGICAL
INTERVENTION
Tatalaksana
1. Medikamentosa & konservatif
- furosemide, spironolactone, captopril, digoksin
- Formula tinggi kalori - NGT atau per oral
- Koreksi anemia (terapi besi oral)
- Tidak diperlukan pembatasan aktifitas jika tidak
terdapat hipertensi pulmonal
- Higiene dental yang baik & pemberian antibiotik
profilaksis untuk endokarditis infektif
2. Penutupan transkateter
3. Bedah
(gagal jantung)
Tidak respon dengan terapi obatobatan
Gagal tumbuh yang bermakna
Cardiac cathteterization: Qp/Qs>2
Doubly Committed Subarterial VSD
42/60
VSD Occlusion
Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder
VSD Occlusion
Implantatition
technique
ASD
8% dari penyakit jantung bawaan
3 tipe
Defek pada tepi bawah septum
(ASD primum)
Defek di sekitar fossa ovale (ASD
sekundum),terbanyak
Defek di sekitar muara v cava
superior (defek sinus venosus)
Tipe ASD
o Ostium Secundum : 75%
o Ostium Primum : 15%
o Sinus Venosus : 10%
o Unroofed coronary sinus
Gejala klinis
Asimtomatik >>, terutama masa bayi & anak
Jika pirau >> sesak nafas & sering infeksi
paru
Gagal jantung sangat jarang
Tumbuh kembang anak normal, jika defek
>> BB sedikit kurang
PD
Jantung normal / sedikit membesar
BJ didapatkan bising ejeksi sistolik di daerah
pulmonal akibat aliran darah berlebih di katup
pulmonal
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Rontgen Toraks
Atrium kanan & konus
pulmonalis menonjol (AP) pada
pirau besar
Jantung hanya sedikit
membesar
Vaskularisasi paru bertambah
sesuai pirau
EKG
o Deviasi sumbu QRS
o ke kanan (right axis deviation)
pada ASD sekundum
o ke kiri (left axis deviation)
pada ASD primer
o Interval PR memanjang pada 10
% ASD sekundum
Ekokardiografi
Tatalaksana ASD
ASD sekundum kecil tidak
memerlukan terapi
ASD sekundum < 8 mm akan
menutup spontan
Intervensi non-bedah atau bedah :
- ASD ukuran sedang-besar dengan RV
volume overload
- Sinus Venosus Defect dengan partial
anomalous PVD
Anatomy
Fetus: ductus arteriosus connects PA and aorta.
If ductus does not closs
Patent Ductus arteriosus
RA
RV
LA
RA
RV
LV
LA
LV
Clinical findings
Small defect:
Symptom (-)
Growth and development normal
Significant defect:
Decreased exercise tolerant
Weigh gained not good
Frequent URTI
Physical examination :
- Continuous/machinery type murmur best
heard at the left infraclavicular area
- May be purely systolic murmur in neonates,
young infants and those with pulmonary
hypertension
- Wide pulse pressure
- Bounding pulses
Management Of PDA
Ibuprofen
The ductus arteriosus is more likely to remain open in
preterm infants after birth because :
-the premature infants ductal smooth muscle does not
have a fully developed constrictor response to oxygen
-premature infants have persistently high circulating
levels of PGE2
-the premature ductal tissue exhibits an increased
dilatory response to PGE2
Ibuprofen significantly reduces plasma concentrations of
prostaglandins.
DA ligation
23/60
Hypoxemic States
Major functional component of CHD is hypoxemia
(decreased oxygen saturation of arterial blood)
Tetralogy Fallot
Insidence
5-8% from all CHD
Anatomy
Cause: Left-anterior deviation of infundibular septum
Sindroma consist of 4 items:
VSD
pulmonary stenosis
aortic over-riding
RVH
Acyanotic
form
Cyanotic form
Tetralogy of Fallot
An infant with TOF does not develop CHF
-No cardiac chamber is under volume overload
-Pressure overload placed on RV (no higher than aortic pressure,
which is under baroreceptor control) is well tolerated
Tetralogy Fallot
CXR :
- Boot-shaped
- Concave
pulmonary
segment
- Apex upturned
- Decreased
pulmonary
blood flow
ECG : RAD
Coarctation of Aorta
Coarctation of Aorta
In symptomatic infants with COA, during fetal life (and at birth), the descending aorta
is supplied mostly by R-L ductal flow and by a reduced amount of antegrade aortic flow
through the aortic isthmus.
Other associated cardiac defects such as aortic hypoplasia, abnormal aortic valve,
VSD, and MV anomalies are often present. All these cardiac defects tend to decrease
antegrade aortic blood flow in utero
With ductal closure, a reduced antegrade aortic flow to the descending aorta produces
symptoms early in life.
Dont forget...
It can be diagnosed with ultrasound in utero.
However, it is difficult to diagnose antenatally.
Suspected CHD in the newborn is a medical
emergency.
Coarctation of the aorta is the most commonly
missed congenital heart disease.
Remain alert for the possibility of coarctation of the
aorta, especially in an infant presenting with poor
feeding, failure to thrive, or signs of heart failure.
Detection and treatment of coarctation of the aorta
reduces morbidity and mortality from heart failure
and improves long term outcome.
Thank You