Engineering Material and Properties

Engineering Material and Properties

Since the earliest days of the evolution of mankind , the main
distinguishing features between human begins and animals has
been the ability to use and develop materials to satisfy our
human requirements.
Nowadays we use many types of materials, fashioned in many
different ways, to satisfy our requirements for housing,
heating, furniture, clothes, transportation, entertainment,
medical care, defense and all the other trappings of a modern,
civilized society.
Most materials doesn't exist in its pure shape , it is always
exist as a ores .

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

The goal of materials science is to empower scientists and engineers to

make informed decisions about the design, selection and use of materials
for specific applications.

Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials

development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials,
those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on.

An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the

prototype to the stepwise progression of a technology.

For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the
availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute .

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure property correlations,

designing or engineering.

The role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials,

whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or

systems using existing materials.

The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal
components.
Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and
interactions with their nuclei.
All important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different
categories, mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and
deteriorative.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples

include elastic modulus and strength.

For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant,

the stimulus is an electric field.

The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and
thermal conductivity.

Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of

a magnetic field.

Optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of

refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties.

Deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Why do we study materials?
engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical,
will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem
involving materials.

Examples

might

include

transmission

gear,

the

superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an

integrated circuit .
materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are
totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic

classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Metals
Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements such
as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel.
nonmetallic elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in relatively
small amounts.
Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements they
are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
materials include (alumina,Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon
carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4)

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Polymers
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of
them are organic compounds.
they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that
have a backbone of carbon atoms.
Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE),
nylon, poly(vinyl chloride)
(PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
These materials typically have low densities.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Composites
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which

come from metals, ceramics, and polymers.

The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of

properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to

incorporate the best uniqueness of each of the component materials.
One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in

which small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material

normally polyester.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

ADVANCED MATERIALS

Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes

termed advanced materials.

Product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated

principles; examples

include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),

computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military equipments.

These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties

have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance
materials.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Semiconductors
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate
between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and
insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers).
Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human
body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.

These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be

compatible with body tissues.