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CELLULAR
DIVISION

Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis

CELL DIVISION
All

cells are derived from

pre-existing cells
New cells are produced
for growth and to replace
damaged or old cells
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IDENTICAL DAUGHTER
CELLS

Parent Cell
3

Two identical daughter cells

THE CELL
CYCLE

FIVE PHASES OF THE

CELL CYCLE

THREE PHASES OF
INTERPHASE

G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase

GAP I PHASE
Cell

do most of their
growing
GAP I checkpoint
Produce RNA to produce
protein and organelles
Ensures everything is ready
for DNA replication

SYNTHESIS PHASE
DNA

replication occurs
Begins the replication of its
chromosomes

GAP II PHASE
Shortest

of the three
phases of interphase
G2 Checkpoint to
determine if the cell is
ready to enter mitosis
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10

MITOSIS
11

MITOSIS
Also

called
karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four
stages
Division of the
nucleus

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PROPHASE
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
13

EARLY
PROPHASE
Nuclear membrane &
nucleolus begin to fade
away
Chromatin begins to
shorten and thicken
Centrioles begin to move
away from one another.

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15

LATE PROPHASE
Centrioles

move to the
sides of the cell
Spindle fibers form and
attach to the
chromosomes and move
them to the center of the
cell.

16

LATE PROPHASE
Centrioles
Chromosome
Spindle Fibers

Nucleus & Nucleolus have

disintegrated

17

SKETCH THE SPINDLE

18

METAPHASE
Spindle Fiber

Chromosome
Spindle Fiber
19

METAPHASE
Chromosomes

are now lined up at

the center of the cell (equator)
Equator

Pole of
the Cell
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ANAPHASE
Spindle Fiber

Chromosome
Spindle Fiber
21

ANAPHASE
Chromosomes

and

their original
copies begin to
separate
Fibers guide the
chromosomes to
the opposite ends
of the cell

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TELOPHASE

Cleavage Furrow

Cell Plate

Chromosome
Nuclear Envelope
23

TELOPHASE

Chromosomes stops moving

Spindle fibers begin to
disappear
Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane reappears
Cell membrane begins to
pinch at the centerCYTOKINESIS

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CYTOKINESIS

In plant cells, cell plate

forms at the equator to
divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage
furrow forms to split cell
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CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage furrow
in animal cell

Cell plate in
plant cell

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DAUGHTER CELLS OF
MITOSIS
Have

the same number

of chromosomes as
each other and as the
parent cell
Identical to each other,
but smaller than parent
cell

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IDENTICAL DAUGHTER
CELLS
What is
the 2n or
diploid
number?

Chromosome number the same, but

cells smaller than parent cell

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29

REVIEW OF
MITOSIS
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MITOSIS:
3

31

IDENTIFY THE
STAGES

1
4

6
3

8
5

9
6

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IDENTIFY THE
STAGES
Interphase

Early Prophase

Late Prophase

Early Metaphase

Late Metaphase

Early Anaphase

33

Late Anaphase
5

Telophase
6

7
Cytokinesis

UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS
If

mitosis is not
controlled,
unlimited cell
division occurs
causing
cancerous
tumors
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MEIOSIS
35

Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

FACTS ABOUT
MEIOSIS
Two

meiotic divisions
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced
are haploid (1n)

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FACTS ABOUT
MEIOSIS
Produces

gametes (eggs &

sperm)
Occurs in the testes in
males (Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in
females (Oogenesis)

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WHY DO WE NEED
MEIOSIS?
It

is the fundamental basis

of sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes
are brought together
through fertilization to
form a diploid (2n) zygote
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PUTTING IT ALL
TOGETHER
2n = 6
1n =3

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MEIOSIS: TWO PART CELL

DIVISION
Homologs
separate

Meiosis I

Diploid
2n

Sister
chromatids
separate

Meiosis II

Haploid Cells
n

40

Haploid
Cells n

MEIOSIS I: REDUCTION
DIVISION

Nucleus
Early
Prophase I
(Chromosome
number
doubled)

Spindle
fibers
Late
Prophase
I

Nuclear
envelope

Metaphase
Anaphase Telophase I
I
I
(diploid)
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42

PROPHASE I

Early prophase
Homologous pair.
Crossing over occurs.

Late prophase
Chromosomes condense.
Spindle forms.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
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TETRADS FORM IN
PROPHASE I
Homologous
chromosomes
(each with sister
chromatids)

Join to form a
TETRAD

Called Synapsis

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CROSSING-OVER

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METAPHASE I
Homologous
pairs of
chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS

same length
same centromereposition
with genes for the same
characteristics at correspondingloci

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ANAPHASE I
Homologous
separate and move
to opposite poles.
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TELOPHASE I
Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides cell into
two.
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MEIOSIS II:

Prophase
II

Metaphase
II
Anaphase Telophase
4 Genetically
II
II
Different50
haploid cells

PROPHASE II
Nuclear envelope
fragments.
Spindle forms.
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METAPHASE II
Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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ANAPHASE II

Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.
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TELOPHASE II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.
Chromosomes
decondense.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides
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cell into two.

RESULTS OF MEIOSIS

Gametes (egg & sperm)

form
Four haploid cells with
one copy of each
chromosome
One allele of each gene
Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
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chromosome

GAMETOGENES
IS
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Oogenesis or Spermatogenesis

SPERMATOGENESIS
Occurs

in the testes
Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
Spermatids mature
into sperm
Men produce about
250,000,000 sperm
per day

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SPERMATOGENESIS IN THE
TESTES
Spermatid

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59

OOGENESIS
Occurs

in the ovaries
Two divisions produce 3 polar
bodies that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of
unequal division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one
oocyte matures into an ovum
(egg) every 28 days

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OOGENESIS IN THE
OVARIES

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COMPARING
MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS

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COMPARISON OF DIVISIONS
Mitosis

Number of
divisions
Number of
daughter cells
Genetically
identical?
Chromosome #

Meiosis
2

Yes

No

Same as parent

Half of parent

Where

Somatic cells

Germ cells

When

Throughout life

At sexual maturity

Role

Growth and
repair

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Sexual reproduction

CHROMOSOMES IN DIVIDING
CELLS
Duplicated

chromosomes
are called
chromatids &
are held
together by
the centromere
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Called Sister Chromatids

KARYOTYPE
A

picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged
in pairs by size
First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
XX female or XY
male

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BOY OR GIRL?

The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome

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MORE MEIOSIS FACTS

Start with 46 double
stranded chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23
single stranded chromosomes
(n)
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