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Section 7.1
Introduction to
Hypothesis
Testing
Definition
A hypothesis is a statement or claim
regarding a characteristic of one or more
populations.
Null hypothesis H0
contains a statement of equality such as , = or .
Alternative hypothesis Ha or H1 contains a
statement of inequality such as < , or >
For example:
H0: Mr. Smith is innocent of the crime.
H1: Mr. Smith is guilty of the crime. `
Writing Hypotheses
Write the claim about the population.
Then, write its complement.
Note: Either hypothesis, the null or
the alternative, can represent the
claim.
Writing Hypotheses
Write the claim about the population. Then, write its complement.
Either hypothesis, the null or the alternative, can represent the
claim.
claim
A consumer magazine claims the proportion of cell
phone calls made during evenings and weekends is at
most 60%.
claim
Four Outcomes
Correct
Type II
Error
Type I
Error
Correct
Ha is more probable
Ha is more probable
Right-tail test
Left-tail test
Two-tail test
One-tailed or two?
1. A university publicizes that the
proportion of its students who
graduate in 4 years is 82%.
Solution:
H0: p = 0.82
Ha: p 0.82
Two-tailed test
Pvalue
area
Pvalue
area
-z
z
14
One-tailed or two?
2. A water faucet manufacturer
announces that the mean flow rate
of a certain type of faucet is less
than 2.5 gallons per minute.
Solution:
H0: 2.5 gpm
Ha: < 2.5 gpm
Left-tailed
test
P-value area
-z
One-tailed or two?
3. A cereal company advertises that
the mean weight of the contents of
its 20-ounce size cereal boxes is
more than 20 ounces.
Solution:
H0: 20 oz
Ha: > 20 oz
Right-tailed
test
P-value
area
0
Two Methods:
P-value Method uses the probability of
P-values
P-value (or probability value)
The probability, if the null hypothesis is
true, of obtaining a sample statistic with a
value as extreme or more extreme than the
one determined from the sample data.
Depends on the nature of the test.
19
P-values
The P-value is the probability of obtaining a sample
statistic with a value as extreme or more extreme than
the one determined by the sample data.
Area in
right tail
If z is negative,
twice the area
in the left tail
If z is positive,
twice the area
in the right tail
z = 1.56
Answer:
The area to the right of z = 1.56 is 1 .9406 = 0.0594.
The P-value is 0.0594.
z = 2.63
Answer:
The area to the left of z = 2.63 is 0.0043.
The P-value is 2(0.0043) = 0.0086.
P-value Method
In Words
In Symbols
Identify .
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
x
n
23
In Symbols
H0 :
Ha :
2. Identify level of
significance
x
n
6. Make a Decision
H0 is claim
= 0.05
x $135,000
x
n
n
135, 000 143, 260
30, 000 30
1.51
P-value
-1.51 0
6. Make a Decision
7. Interpret the decision in
the context of the original
claim.
H0 is claim
= 0.05
1.51
n
30,000 30
n
135, 000 143, 260
30, 000 30
1.51
P-value
0.0655
-1.51 0
P=
2(0.0655)
= 0.1310
z
30
H0 is claim
= 0.05
1.51
n
30,000 30
6. Make a Decision
32
If
If
Claim
Decision
Claim is H0
Reject H0
Fail to
reject H0
Claim is Ha
There is enough
evidence to
reject the claim.
There is enough
evidence to
support the
claim.
There is not
enough
evidence to
reject the claim.
There is not
enough
evidence to
support the
claim.
In Symbols
x
n
or if n 30 use s.
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
37
In Symbols
If z is in the rejection
region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
38
39
Solution:
= 0.025
1 = 0.95
= 0.025
0 z0 =
z0
-z0 =z-1.96
0
1.96
Reject H0.
z < z0
Reject Ho.
z0
Left-Tailed Test
z Fail to reject H
Reject H0
z0
Right-Tailed Test
Reject H0
z0
z > zz0
z0
z > zz0
42
Example Critical Z
Test Statistic
x 43,500 45, 000
z
n
5200 30
H0:
<
Ha: $45,000
0.0
= $45,000
5 Region:
Rejection
1.58
0.05
1.58
Zc=-1.645
Section 7.2
= 0.05
z = 1.44
= 0.05
8. Interpret your
decision.
ef t
l
he 3
t
o 109
t
a 0.
re
z
f
o
= 0.05
z0 = 1.645
Rejection area
0.05
z0
z = 1.23
P = 0.1093
reject H0.
If
fail to reject H 0.
Section 7.3
d.f. = 18 1 = 17
t0 = 2.567
Area in
left tail
t0
t0
Testing
Small Sample
= 0.01
t0
3.499
n=8
= 10.050 s = 2.485
= 0.01
Section 7.4
and
is normal.
= 0.05
1.645
6. Find the test statistic and standardize it.
n = 1036
x = 456
The End
Slide 7- 62
Slide 7- 63
Slide 7- 64
True or false:
Given H0: = 40 Ha: 40 and P = 0.0436.
You would reject the null hypothesis at the
0.05 level of significance.
A. True
B. False
Slide 7- 65
Answers
Answers:
1. (C)
2. (D)
3. (B)
4. (A)