BASIC ELECTRONIC

BASIC CONCEPT & DEFINITIONS

Charge:
Charge is an electrical property of
atomic particles of which matter
consist.Measured in coulombs C
Charge may be +ve or ve and denoted
by Q
Electron: -ve charge
Proton:
+ve charge
Neutron: no charge

Current:

Motion of charge through a conducting material

measured in Ampere denoted by I
or
Quantity of total charge that passes through an
arbitrary cross section of conducting material
per unit second
I=Q/t
cross multiply
I t=Q
I=current(A)
t=time (sec)
Q=charge(C)

Example
water through pipes & current through
wires

1.
2.

Types of current
Constant current or direct current (DC)
Time varying current or alternating current
(AC)

EXAMPLE

Determine the current in a circuit if a charge

of 80C passes a given point in 20 sec.

EXAMPLE

How much charge is represented by 4.600

electrons

Voltage

voltage is the energy required to move

charge from one point to the other
Measured in volt and denoted by V
Greater voltage greater flow of electric
current
OR
Motion of charge b/w two points is called voltage

Energy

between two points per unit electric

charge.
v=/
Here
W=energy/work done
q=charge

1volt =
so
1volt=

Dc voltage (battery)
Ac voltage (generator)

Power

Power is the rate of doing work

or
Amount of work done per unit time is called power
Measured in watt
Denoted by w

P=

=QV
put in above equation
P=

where
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
V is electric potential or voltage in volts

 As we know that
I=/
Then,
p = vI
From ohms law: v=iR
p=R
Or
p=

EXAMPLE

You have a 25watt light bulb that operates

with 12.6volts across it.Determine the
resistance of the bulb??

EXAMPLE

If you have a resistor of 1K and voltage

across it 25.Detremine the power??

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work

Unit is joule J
Kinetic energy
Potential Energy
or
Electric energy is power multiplied time
W=Pt
where
W = energy (Ws, J)
t = time (s)

EXAMPLE

A 12 V battery is connected in series with a

resistance of 50 ohm. The energy dissipated
in 60 seconds

KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT
LAW(KCL)

KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT
LAW(KCL)
Total charge entering a junction or node is
exactly equal to the charge leaving

Algebraic sum of current in a network

meeting at a point is zero
I=0
I(leaving) + I(entering) = 0

Node:
Node is a connection of two or more current
carrying paths.

EXAMPLE
i1 =?

i3 =250mA
i2=150 mA

EXAMPLE

24A

-4A

10A

i=?

Series circuits
Components connected along a single path, so
the same current flows through all of the
components

SERIES CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE

The current flowing in a circuit containing

four resistors connected in series is I = 1.0 A.
The potential drops across the first, second
and third resistors are, respectively: V = 5 V,
V = 8 V and V = 7 V. The equivalent resistance
of the circuit is R = 30.
Find the total voltage supplied by the
battery, and also current, voltage drop, and
resistance of each resistor in the circuit.

parallel circuits
Components are connected in parallel , so the
same voltage is applied to each component

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE

KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
LAW(KVL)
The sum of the voltage around any circuit
loop is zero
Voltage produce = Voltage use

v=14

7v
7v
v1=v2+v3
14 - 7 - 7 = 0

Loop
Any close path in a circuit
Branch
A circuit element b/w two nodes

VOLTAGE SOURCE
A device which can produce a continuous force
to move the electron through the wire
connected in to the two terminal of the device
is called a voltage source

Dc voltage source:

Ac voltage source:

Current source:

RESISTOR
Resistor is the component with a fixed
resistance value that used to control current
through the element.

3 BANDS

Yellow, violet, black

Orange, orange, brown
Brown, black, red

ANSWERS

47 ohm 20%
330 ohm 20%
1k 20%

4 BANDS

Green, blue, red, gold

Red, yellow, orange, gold
Blue, gray, yellow, silver

5.6kohm 5%
24kohm 5%
680k 10%

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN A SHELL

CONDUCTORS
A conductor is a material that easily conducts
electrical current
The best conductors are single element
material such as silver,gold and copper

INSULATORS
Is a material that does not conduct electrical
current
Valance electrons are tightly bounded to the
atom
e.g
rubber, wood

SEMICONDUCTOR
A semiconductor is a material that properties
lies b/w conductors and insulator
e.g silicon ,germanium

ELECTRON SHELLS AND ORBIT

Electrons orbit of an atom at certain

distance from nucleus electrons near the
nucleus have less energy than those in more
distant orbits

Energy level

Each orbit is corresponds to a certain

energy level.In an atom,the orbits are grouped
in a energy bands known as shells and each
atom has fix number of shells and shells have
fix number of electrons

VALANCE ELECTRONS

Electrons that are in orbits farther from

nucleus have higher energy and are less
tightly bound to the atom then those closer
to the nucleus
This is because the force of attraction b/w
the +ve charge nucleus and ve charged
electron decrease with increasing distance
from nucleus
Electron with highest energy exist in the
outer most shell and are relatively loosely
bounded to atom

The outer most shell is called valance shell

and electron in this shell is called valance
electron

CORE
That consist of all inner shells and the nucleus

ENERGY BAND

Valence Energy band: In this energy band

there are large no of free electrons
available.These bands never get empty.
Conduction Energy Band: The density of the
electrons is very few. These electrons can
gain energy from the external
Forbidden Energy Band: Electrons are
absent in this energy band. Some little
amount of energy is needed for electron
shifting to conduction band from valence
band.

PN JUNCTION

The "p" (positive) side contains an excess of

holes, while the "n" (negative) side contains
an excess of electrons
When P type material combine with N type
material the diffusion process start.

Near the junction, electrons diffuse across to

combine with holes, creating a "depletion
region

Due to movements of electrons and holes the

Potential difference is produce is called
electric field(+ve to ve)