Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary petrology
is the study of the composition and origin of
sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary petrography
is the description and classification of sedimentary rocks.
The word petrography suggests the study is done using the
petrographic microscope.

Sedimentary Rocks
Two main categories of sedimentary rocks
1. Clastic (aka detrital) rocks
2. Chemical (biogenic, inorganic)
Some generalities
1. Shale 65%, sandstone 15-20%, limestone 10-15%,
others <5%
2. Cover ~75% of land area on continents (including
continental shelf)
Average ~2 km thick on continents
3. <5% crustal volume
4. Oceanic sediments: average thickness ~0.5 km

Sedimentary rocks are the end product of a

series of processes:
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation: (via water, air, ice, gravity) as solid particles
or in solution
Deposition: (wide variety of depositional environments)
Lithification: process of turning loose sediment into solid
rock by
compaction and cementation during burial
Diagenesis: physical, chemical and biological changes due
to burial and modest heating (up to ~150C)
Constituents of sedimentary rocks
Clastic rocks: Clay minerals > Quartz > Feldspar (K-fsp >
plag) +
a few % super-stable heavy minerals (zircon,
tourmaline, rutile)

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic rocks

Non Clastik
Chemical & Organic rocks

Sandstones
Conglomerates
Breccia
Shale/mudston

es

Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formed
due to evaporation of saline
water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)

Carbonate rocks

Organic rocks

Form basically from

CaCO3 both by
chemical leaching and
by organic source
(biochemical)
eg.
Limestone; dolomite

Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under temperature
and pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.

CLASTIC ROCKS
formed from broken rock fragments weathered

and eroded by river, glacier, wind and sea

waves. These clastic sediments are found
deposited on floodplains, beaches, in desert
and on the sea floors.

solidify

Clastic rocks

Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the

grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, shale etc.

Clastic rocksmade of cemented sediments

are classified by their grain sizes.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks9.html

NONCLASTIC ROCKS

Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation

(settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made from
calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks10.html

Biologic sedimentary rocks come

from the remains of organic matter.

The most important of

these is coal. Anthracite

coal results from the
greatest pressure and
releases the most energy
when burned. Other
varieties are bituminous
and lignite. Petrified
(permineralized) wood is
another organic rock.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks11.html

Sedimentary rocks
Stratification visible
Bedding
Lamination
Fossils present
Grains or pebbles visible
Sedimentary minerals (e.g. glauconite)
present
Sedimentary structures visible on bedding
planes

TEKSTUR BATUAN SEDIMEN

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Besar Butir :
Pemilahan
Kebundaran
Kemas (fabric)
Porositas
Semen dan Masa Dasar

1. BESAR BUTIR
Ukuran (diameter dari fragmen).
Skala pembatasan yang dipakai adalah skala Wentworth.

Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary

Rocks
gravel
&
conglomerate

sand
&
sandstone

clay, silt
&
mudstone

Transportasi Sedimen dan Ukuran Butir

Sedimen

2. Pemilahan (Sorting)
Pemilahan adalah tingkat keseragaman butir.

(2) Degree of sorting

Good sorting

Poor Sorting

3. Kebundaran (roundness)
Kebundaran adalah tingkat kelengkungan dari
fragmen/butir.

egree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source
Rounded clasts- long distance transport

Angularity or roundness is a
measure of the distance of
transportation

Roundness & Angularity

Well rounded, well sorted

Poorly rounded, poorly sorted

4. KEMAS (FABRIC)
Kemas adalah sifat hubungan antar butir di dalam

suatu masa dasar atau di antara semen.

Kemas terbuka untuk butiran tidak saling
menyentuh.
Kemas tertutup untuk butiran saling menyentuh.

5. POROSITAS
Porositas adalah perbandingan antara jumlah volume

rongga dan volume keseluruhan dari satu batuan.

Dapat diuji dengan meneteskan cairan pada batuan.
Istilah kuantitatif : sangat baik, baik, sedang, buruk.

5. SEMEN DAN MASA DASAR

Semen adalah bahan yang mengikat butiran,

terbentuk pada saat pembentukan batuan, dapat

berupa silika, oksida besi, atau mineral lempung.
Matriks adalah masa dimana fragmen berada
dalam satu kesatuan.

STRUKTUR SEDIMEN
Struktur

dalam batuan yang terjadi pada saat

pembentukan batuan tersebut.
Menggambarkan kondisi lingkungan pengendapan
batuan.
Contoh pada batuan sedimen seperti: perlapisan,
gradded bedding, silang siur, ripple mark, mud
crack, rain drop, dsb.
Struktur primer mengikuti hukum sedimentologi
(Hukum Steno), yaitu Superposition, Original
Horizontality dan Lateral Continuity

Struktur Primer pada Batuan Sedimen

up

Cross-Beds (asymmetric)

Bedding Laminations

up
up

Graded Bedding

Oscillation Ripples (symmetric)

up

Mud Cracks

up

Rain Drops / Footprints

Estimating Textural Maturity

Immature
Poor sorting
Angular grains
High matrix content

Mature
No matrix
Moderate-good sorting
Degree of rounding

Supermature
No matrix
Very good sorting
High degree of roundness

Maturity

Maturity

Why are Sedimentary rocks Important?

All oil, gas and coal deposits and many ore deposits occur in
sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are important building materials.
Sedimentary rocks provide us with the best window into the
past. - the past may allow us to predict the future.
Sedimentary rocks constitute 75% of the earth's surface.