Stabilization of Sub-Grade Clayey Soil Using Fly Ash and Coir Geotextile

Stabilization of Sub-grade Clayey Soil
Using Fly Ash And Coir Geotextile
Guided by,
Mr. George Mohan
Mr. Jose Joseph
Presented by,
Anu Susan Joseph
Dhanya Johnson
Gibson George Abraham
Jebin Sebastian
OVERVIEW
Introduction
Scope and objective
Stabilization
Materials required
Methodology
Works done
Conclusion
References
2
STABILIZATION OF SUB-GRADE CLAY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND COIR GEOTEXTILE
7/4/2015
INTRODUCTION
20 % of total area clayey soil
Increased road traffic
Utilization of fly ash and
400
GENERATION OF FLY ASH IN I
350
coir fibre
300
Need to increase load
250
200(MMT)
bearing capacity of the
Fly ash
150
sub-grade
100
50
0
1947 1994 2005 2012 2020

Year
7/4/2015
OBJECTIVE & SCOPE

OBJECTIVE
Improve the strength of sub-grade clayey soil
Effect
of combination of fly ash and coir
geotextile
SCOPE
To check the application of fly ash and coir
geotextile in high volume traffic

4
7/4/2015
STABILIZATION
The soil stabilization means the improvement
of stability or bearing strength of the soil by the
use of controlled compaction or the addition of
suitable admixtures or stabilizers.
TYPES
Mechanical stabilization
Chemical stabilization
7/4/2015
STABILIZATION (Cont)
ADVANTAGES
Effective utilization of locally available soil
Reduces pavement thickness less cost
Increases
Stability
Strength
Durability
Decreases
Compressibility
Change in volume
6
7/4/2015
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Kuttanad Clay
Class C fly ash
Coir geotextile
of grade III
7/4/2015
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF FLY

ASH
(IRC:SP:58-2001)
PARAMETER
RANGE
Specific gravity
1.9-2.55
Plasticity
Non- plastic
Maximum dry density (g/cc)
0.9-1.6
Optimum moisture content (%) 18-38

Cohesion (KN/m2)
negligible
Angle of internal friction

(degrees)
30-40
Coefficient of consolidation, Cv 1.75x10-5 2.01x10-3

(cm2/sec)
Compression index, Cc
0.05 - 0.4
Permeability
8x10-6 7x10-4
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu
3.1 -10.7
7/4/2015
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COIR

FIBRE
(kundan meshram et al. 2013)
PROPERTIES
Lignin
45.84
Cellulose
43.44
Water soluble
Pectin
PERCENTAGE
5.25
3
Ash
2.22
Hemicellulose
0.25
7/4/2015
LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE
AUTHOR
CONTENT
Stabilisation
of Udayashank Hubballi-Dharwad - study
Black Cotton Soils ar D.Hakari
area
Using Fly Ash
and
fly
ash
Dandeli
(2012)
S.C.Puranik
stabiliser
index
improves
properties,
compaction
and
strength
characteristics
Optimum % of FA=30% 40%
10
Laboratory
Study Gyanen.
Maximum dry density
on Soil Stabilization Takhelmayu
95% soil and 5% fly ash
Using
Fly
ash m et. al
Strength attained for fine
Mixtures
FA is 25% more than
COIR GEOTEXTILE
7/4/2015
(2013) STABILIZATION OF SUB-GRADE CLAY SOIL USING FLY ASH AND
coarse
FA
improves the strength of
LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE
11
AUTHOR
CONTENT
Exploring Fly Ash Utilization Shibashish

in Construction of Highways P.
in India (2013)
Mukherjee,
Dr Gaurang
Vesmawala
using Fly ash in various

Components of Road
crust Construction
CBR increases to
84.06%
Stabilization of Black Cotton Ashish

Soil by Fly Ash
Mehta
(2013)
et al
Expansive soil in
Maharashtra study
area
Optimum 20% fly ash
CBR - 22.9%
7/4/2015
LITERATURE REVIEW
(Cont)
TITLE
12
AUTHOR
CONTENT
Performance
Shaheem S
evaluation of coir and Tomy
geo-textiles
as Cyriac
earth
reinforcement
in
soil structures
(2013)
NATPAC along with PWD

Surveys conducted on two road
stretches - Attukal Pambadi
and Njekkadu Panayara Road
near Varkala in
Thiruvananthapuram district
H2 M5 better than H2 M6 grade
As sub - grade reinforcement
effective
Application of coir Kundan

geotextile in rural Meshram.
roads construction et al.
on
BC
soil
subgrade
(2013)
Grade used H2 M6
Improves drainage
Reduces intensity of stress on
sub grade
7/4/2015
ACTION OF FLY ASH

FLY ASH
Chemical Stabilisation
CaO
+ H2O = Ca (OH)2
Ca (OH)2 = Ca++
+ 2(OH)- ( Ionisation of
lime )
Ca++ + 2(OH)- + SiO2 = C-S-H
Ca++
+ 2(OH)- + Al2O3 = C-A-H
Advantages of fly ash
13
Waste product, cheap, abundantly available

7/4/2015
ACTION OF COIR FIBRE

COIR FIBRE
Mechanical Stabilisation
Increases drainability
Reinforcement action
Advantages
Cheap, easily available and biodegradable
14
7/4/2015
METHODOLOGY
Test on virgin Kuttanad soil
Determination of optimum %
of fly ash
Determination of optimum
placement depth of coir mat in
fly ash clay mix
Comparison of result and
conclusion
15
7/4/2015
TESTS ON CLAYEY SOIL

Atterbergs Limit
Hydrometer Test
Free swell test
UCC Test
Proctor Test ( OMC & Max dry density )
CBR Test
16
7/4/2015
WORKS DONE
17
TESTS ON VIRGIN
KUTTANAD CLAYEY SOIL
18
7/4/2015
HYDROMETER TEST
Hydrometer Apparatus
19
7/4/2015
HYDROMETER TEST
(Cont)
Gradation Curve
60
55
50
% finer
45
40
35
30
0.01
particle size (mm)
20
7/4/2015
ATTERBERGS LIMITS
Liquid
Limit(
%)
56
Plastic Plastici
Limit(
ty
%)
index
(%)
24
32
Casagrande device
21
7/4/2015
ATTERBERGS LIMITS
(Cont)
LIQUID LIMIT
22
NO OF BLOWS
WATER CONTENT
14
63.38
19
61.67
24
59.72
33
54.54
38
52.63
7/4/2015
ATTERBERGS LIMITS
(Cont)
Flow Curve
70
60
50
40
Water content (%) 30
20
10
0
10
100
No of blows
23
7/4/2015
ATTERBERGS LIMITS
(Cont)
Y-Values
45
CL
40
CI
Plasticity Index (Ip)

%
35
CH
30
A line I p=0.73(W L-20)
25
20
15
10
ML
or OL
5
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MI
or OI
50
MH
or
OH
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Liquid Limit (WL) %

24
7/4/2015
PROCTOR TEST
IS 2720 PART VII 1980
Standard Proctor Test
OMC
MDD
25
7/4/2015
PROCTOR TEST (Cont)
26
WATER CONTENT(%)
DRY DENSITY (g/cc)
12.17
1.46
15.78
1.53
19.2
1.55
22.54
1.614
25.8
1.513
7/4/2015
PROCTOR TEST (Cont)

Dry density vs Water content
1.61
1.55
1.53
Dry Density (g/cc)
1.51
1.46
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Water Content (%)
27
7/4/2015
UCC TEST
Unconfined
Compressive
strength
Undrained Cohesion
Shear Strength
28
7/4/2015
UCC TEST ( Cont... )

Unconfined compressive strength
of
virgin clay = 0.094 MPa

Shear strength = 0.047 MPa
Undrained cohesion = 0.047 MPa
29
7/4/2015
CBR TEST
IS 2720 Part 16 1987
Strength of Subgrade
Soil
Thickness
30
7/4/2015
CBR TEST (Cont...)

Load penetration curve
3000
2500
2000
Load (N)
1500
1000
500
0
0
10 11 12 13 14
Penetration (mm)
31
7/4/2015
CBR TEST (Cont...)
32
Penetration
(mm)
CBR value
(%)
2.5
4.96
6.39
SUBGRADE
CLASSIFICATION
CBR (%)
Extremely weak
<1
Weak
1-2
Medium
2-5
Normal
5 - 10
Strong
10 - 30
Extremely strong
> 30
7/4/2015
PROPERTIES OF VIRGIN
KUTTANAD CLAY
PARAMETER
LL (%)
56
PL (%)
24
OMC (%)
22.54
MDD (g/cc)
1.614
Shear Strength (Mpa)
0.047
Undrained Cohesion
(Mpa)
0.047
CBR (%)
33
VALUE
6.39
7/4/2015
Plasticity & Strength

Characteristics of
Treated Soil
34
7/4/2015
PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS
35
ZERO DAY CURING

TEST
% FLY
LL (%)
ASH
PL (%)
PI (%)
56
24
32
10
49.5
20.37
29.13
15
44.5
18.26
26.24
20
42
16.19
25.81
30
36.5
14.09
22.41
40
34.5
12.75
21.75
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
7 DAYS CURING TEST
36
% FLY
ASH
LL (%)
PL (%)
PI (%)
10
46
17.64
28.36
15
42
16.23
25.77
20
38.5
14.50
24
30
33
10.9
22.1
40
32
10.23
21.77
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
Variation of LL for various % of fly ash
6056
49.5
56
50
44.5
46
40
42
36.5
42
38.5
LL (%)
30
33
34.5
32
ZERO DAY CURING

7 DAYS CURING
20
10
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
% FLY ASH
37
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
Variation of PL for various % of fly ash
25
23.63
23.63
20.37
20
18.26
17.64
15
PL (%)
16.23
16.19
14.09
14.5
10
10.92
12.75
ZERO CURING
7 DAYS CURING
10.23
5
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
% fly ash
38
7/4/2015
FREE SWELL INDEX

MATERIAL
FREE SWELL INDEX

(%)
Clay
130
Clay + Fly Ash
50
Free Swell
Index (%)
<50
50-100
100-200
>200
39
Degree of
Expansion
Low
Degree of
Severity
Non-critical
Medium
Marginal
High
Critical
Very high
Severe
7/4/2015
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS
Variation of OMC & MDD for various % of fly ash
OMC & MDD
25
20
15
10
5
0
22.54
1.61
20.94
19.88
1.63
1.64
20.78
1.6
OMC (%)
MDD (g/cc)
Fly ash
40
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
Variation of Unconfined Compressive Strength for various % of fly ash
0.3
0.28
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.22
0.2
Unconfined compressive strength (MPa)
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.09
0.1
ZERO DAY CURING

7 DAYS CURING
0.120.11
0.09
0.05
0
0 1020304050
% fly ash
41
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
Optimum % of fly ash = 15%

OMC (%)
19.88
MDD (g/cc)
1.64
UCC (ZERO CURING)

(MPa)
0.22
UCC (7 DAYS CURING) 0.28

(MPa)
42
7/4/2015
STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS AFTER
THE INCLUSION OF COIR MAT
43
7/4/2015
Variation of CBR
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
6.39
5
CBR0(%)
44
44
40
25.38
28.91
33.31
15
7/4/2015
(Cont...)
Variation of CBR
50
44
45
40
35
30
30.78
CBR25
(%)
20
15
10
5
0
soaked
45
unsoaked
7/4/2015
COMPARISON
CBR of virgin Kuttanad clayey soil =
6.39%
Improvement of CBR w.r.t

initial CBR (%)
46
Clay + fly ash
200%
Clay + fly ash + coir mat @

h/4 from top
500%
Clay + fly ash + coir mat @

h/4 and h/2 from top
700%
7/4/2015
CONCLUSION
Y-Values
45
CL
40
CI
Plasticity Index (Ip)

%
35
CH
30
A line I p=0.73(W L-20)
Shifted
Position
25
20
15
10
ML
or OL
5
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MI
or OI
50
MH
or
OH
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Liquid Limit (WL) %

47
7/4/2015
CONCLUSION (Cont...)
Optimum strength is obtained by replacing
15% of clayey
sample with fly ash

Unconfined compressive strength of clay increases with
increase in fly ash content up to 15%, and then the value
decreases with further addition of fly ash
Plasticity index decreases with addition of fly ash
Swelling characteristics was decreased by 60%
The unsoaked CBR value obtained was about 7 times greater
than that of virgin clay by placing coir mat at h/4 & h/2 from top
The soaked CBR value obtained was about 5 times greater than
that of virgin clay by placing coir mat at h/4 & h/2 from top
CBR > 30 % : sub grade extremely strong, suitable for high
volume traffic
48
7/4/2015
REFERENCES
Ashish
Mehta,
Kanak
Parate,
Ruprai
B.
S.
(2013).Stabilization of black cotton soil by fly ash.

International Journal of Application or Innovation in
Engineering and Management, 1(4), 14621468.
Gyanen.
Takhelmayum, Savitha A. L., Krishna Gudi
(2013). Laboratory study on soil stabilization using fly

ash mixtures. International Journal of Engineering
Science and Innovative Technology, 2(1), 477482.
Shibashish P.M, Dr Gaurang Vesmawala (2013).
49
Exploring Fly Ash Utilization in Construction of Highways

STABILIZATION
OF SUB-GRADE
CLAY SOIL
FLY ASH AND COIR
GEOTEXTILE
7/4/2015
in India.
IOSR
Journal
ofUSING
Mechanical
and
Civil
Engineering ,8(4),23-32.
REFERENCES (Cont)
Kundan Meshram, Mital S. K., Jain P.K., Agarwal P. K.
(2012). Application of coir geotextile in rural roads

construction on BC soil sub-grade. International Journal
of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 3(4),
264-268.
Shaheem
S.,
Tomy
Cyriac
(2013).
Performance
evaluation of coir geotextiles as earth reinforcement in

soil
structures.American
Journal
of
Engineering
Research, 1, 4953.
Udayashankar
50
D.
Hakari,
Puranik
S.
C.
(2012).
Stabilization
of black
cotton
soils
using
fly ash. Global
STABILIZATION OF SUB-GRADE
CLAY SOIL
USING FLY ASH
AND COIR
GEOTEXTILE
7/4/2015

Stabilization of Sub-Grade Clayey Soil Using Fly Ash and Coir Geotextile

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Stabilization of Sub-grade Clayey Soil

Using Fly Ash And Coir Geotextile

GENERATION OF FLY ASH IN I

1947 1994 2005 2012 2020

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE

of combination of fly ash and coir

geotextile in high volume traffic

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF FLY

Maximum dry density (g/cc)

Optimum moisture content (%) 18-38

Angle of internal friction

Coefficient of consolidation, Cv 1.75x10-5 2.01x10-3

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COIR

Exploring Fly Ash Utilization Shibashish

using Fly ash in various

Stabilization of Black Cotton Ashish

NATPAC along with PWD

Application of coir Kundan

ACTION OF FLY ASH

+ 2(OH)- + Al2O3 = C-A-H

Advantages of fly ash

Waste product, cheap, abundantly available

ACTION OF COIR FIBRE

TESTS ON CLAYEY SOIL

particle size (mm)

Plasticity Index (Ip)

A line I p=0.73(W L-20)

Liquid Limit (WL) %

PROCTOR TEST (Cont)

DRY DENSITY (g/cc)

PROCTOR TEST (Cont)

UCC TEST ( Cont... )

virgin clay = 0.094 MPa

CBR TEST (Cont...)

CBR TEST (Cont...)

Shear Strength (Mpa)

Plasticity & Strength

ZERO DAY CURING

ZERO DAY CURING

FREE SWELL INDEX

FREE SWELL INDEX

Clay + Fly Ash

OMC & MDD

ZERO DAY CURING

Optimum % of fly ash = 15%

UCC (ZERO CURING)

UCC (7 DAYS CURING) 0.28

Improvement of CBR w.r.t

Clay + fly ash

Clay + fly ash + coir mat @

Clay + fly ash + coir mat @

Plasticity Index (Ip)

A line I p=0.73(W L-20)

Liquid Limit (WL) %

sample with fly ash

(2013).Stabilization of black cotton soil by fly ash.

Takhelmayum, Savitha A. L., Krishna Gudi

(2013). Laboratory study on soil stabilization using fly

Exploring Fly Ash Utilization in Construction of Highways

(2012). Application of coir geotextile in rural roads

evaluation of coir geotextiles as earth reinforcement in

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