4

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4.1

1 3
2


( x , y , z)
(r, ) 2
(r,, )
( , , z)

(tangential unit vector)

(normal unit
vector)

xi

xj

x x( )

x( ) a0 a1

x(1) a0 a1 xi

x(1) a0 a1 x j

a0 ( xi x j ) / 2
a1 ( x j xi ) / 2

x ( ) ( xi x j ) / 2 ( x j xi ) / 2
x( ) [(1 ) / 2

x i
(1 ) / 2]
x j

x( ) N( )x e
N( ) [(1 ) / 2

(1 ) / 2]

 u ( x ( )) a0 a1
u ( x(1)) a0 a1 ui

u ( x(1)) a0 a1 u j

a0 (ui u j ) / 2

a1 (u j ui ) / 2

u ( x( )) (ui u j ) / 2 (u j ui ) / 2 [(1 ) / 2

u ( x( )) N( )q e
N( ) [(1 ) / 2

(1 ) / 2]

u i
(1 ) / 2]
u j

x( ) N( )x e

N( ) [(1 ) / 2

(1 ) / 2]

u ( x( )) N( )q e

N( ) [(1 ) / 2

(1 ) / 2]

du ( x( )) d ( N( )q e ) dN( ) e
( x( ))

q B( )q e
dx
dx
dx

1
B( ) [ e
l

1
]
e
l

( x( )) E e ( x( )) E e B( )q e S( )q e

Ee
S( ) [ e
l

Ee
]
e
l

1
1 x2 e
T
U ( x ( )) ( x( ))dV E ( x( )) ( x( )) Ae dx
2 e
2 x1
e

1 1 e
U E [B( )q e ] B( )q e Ae (l e / 2) d
2 1
T
1 T 1
U e q e [ (l e / 2)B ( ) E e Ae B( ) d ]q e
1
2
1 eT e e
e
U q Kq
2
e

E e Ae
K (l / 2)B ( ) E A B( )d e
1
l
e

1 1
1 1

eT

W q P e
e

P e NT ( )bx dV e NT ( ) px dA
e

Sp

N( ) [(1 ) / 2

(1 ) / 2]

P (1) NT ( )bx dV e NT ( ) px dA e NT (1) p x dA

e

S ep

px dA

Sp

Sp

R 1
1
1
R
1
0
0
0

P (2) NT ( )bx dV e NT ( ) px dA e NT (1) px dA

e

S ep

px dA

Sp

0

F
1

Sp

0
F

( x4 , y4 )

( x3 , y3 )

P ( x, y )

P ( , )

( x1 , y1 )
( x2 , y2 )

P ( x, y )

P( , )

P ( x, y )

x x( , )

y y ( , )

P( , )

x 1 2 3 4

y 1 2 3 4

xi x(i ,i )

yi y (i ,i )

(1 ,1 ) ( 1, 1)

(3 ,3 ) (1,1)

( 2 ,2 ) (1, 1)

( 4 ,4 ) ( 1,1)

x1 1 2 3 4
x
2
1
2
3
4

x3 1 23 33 433
x4 1 2 4 34 4 4 4

x3 1 2 3 4
x4 1 2 3 4

x1 1 21 31 411
x
2
1
2 2
3 2
4 2 2

 1
1 1 1 1 x1

1 1 1 1 1 x2
2

1
1
1
4
3
x3

1
1

x4

1
1 1 1 1 y1

1 1 1 1 1 y2
2

1
1
1
4
3
y3

1
1

y4

x 1 2 3 4 N1 x1 N 2 x2 N 3 x3 N 4 x4

y 1 2 3 4 N1 y1 N 2 y2 N 3 y3 N 4 y4

1
N

1 4 (1 )(1 )

N 1 (1 )(1 )
2 4

1
N 3 (1 )(1 )
4
1
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4

 N1
x

y
0

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4 0

0 N 4

x( , ) N( , ) x e

x1
y
1
x2

y 2

x3
y 3

x4
y
4


( x3 , y3 )
(1,1)

( x4 , y4 )

( x2 , y2 )
( x1 , y1 )

(1, 1)

(1,1)

(1, 1)

u ( x( , ), y ( , )) u ( , ) 1 2 3 4

v( x( , ), y ( , )) v( , ) 1 2 3 4

ui u (i ,i )

vi v (i ,i )

(1 ,1 ) ( 1, 1)

(3 ,3 ) (1,1)

( 2 ,2 ) (1, 1)

( 4 ,4 ) ( 1,1)

 u1 1 21 31 411
u
2
1
2 2
3 2
4 2 2

u1 1 2 3 4
u
2
1
2
3
4

u3 1 23 33 433
u4 1 2 4 3 4 4 4 4

u3 1 2 3 4
u4 1 2 3 4

1
1 1 1 1 v1

1 1 1 1 1 v2
2

1
1
1
4
3
v3

4
1 1 1 1 v4

1
1 1 1 1 u1

1 1 1 1 1 u2
2

1
1
1
4
3
u3

1
1

u4

 u ( x( , ), y ( , )) 1 2 3 4 N1u1 N 2u2 N 3u3 N 4u4

v( x( , ), y ( , )) 1 2 3 4 N1v1 N 2v2 N 3v3 N 4v4

1
N

1 4 (1 )(1 )

N 1 (1 )(1 )
2 4

N1
u ( x( , ), y ( , ))

v( x( , ), y ( , ))
0

1
N 3 (1 )(1 )
4
1
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

u( x( , ), y ( , )) N( , )q e

0
N3

N4 0

0 N 4

u 1
v
1
u 2

v2

u 3
v3

u 4
v
4

x( , ) N( , ) x e
u( x( , ), y ( , )) u( , ) N( , )q e

1
N

1 4 (1 )(1 )

N 1 (1 )(1 )
2 4

1
(1 )(1 )
4
1
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4

N3

u
( x( , ), y ( ,N
)) q (B, ) q ( , )

N i
x
N
i

N1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0 N 4 0
B( , ) 0
0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N

y
1
2
3
4

1
N

1 4 (1 )(1 )

N 1 (1 )(1 )
2 4

( , )

1
N 3 (1 )(1 )
4
1
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4

 N i N i x N i
x y

N i N i x N i

x y
N i
x

x
N i

N i

x
1
N J

y N i
x

N J
y
i

y
N i

N i

J*
J
J
1

Ni
x
Ni
y

x

J
x

K e B ( x( , ), y ( , )) DB( x( , ), y ( , ))tdxdy
T

B ( , )DB( , )t J d d
T

1 1

1 1

P e N bdV e N pdA Pbe Ppe

T

P
e
b

Sp

1 1
1

N b J td d

P N ptCd
e
p

x 2 y 2
C

1/ 2

F( , ) J d d

J 0

180o
30o-150o


x( , ) N( , )x e
u( x, y ) u( , ) N( , )q e
8 3

u( x, y ) u( , ) N( , )q e
x

x
J

x

B( , , ) N( , , )

K e B DBdV
T

B DB J d d d

1 1 1

P e N bdV e N pdA Pbe Ppe

T

Sp

Pb e N bdV
T

1 1 1

Pp e N pdA
T

N b J d d d

1 1

Sp

N pCdd

y z y z z x z x
x y x y
C

2 1/ 2

4.2

Gauss-Legendre

Newton-cotes

K e B DB dV
eT

1 1 1

eT

B DB e J d d d

f ( )d Ai f (i )
i 1

I
f ( )d ,

( ),

n
(i , i 1, 2,..., n) ( ) f ( )

( i ) f (i )

(i 1, 2,..., n)

( )
f ( ),
b

I f ( )d ( )d
:

( ),
f ( )

n
i (i 1, 2,..., n),
( )

Lagrange

( )= lin 1 ( ) f (i ) a0 a1 L an 1 n 1
i 1

lin 1 ( ) ( n 1) Lagrange
n 1
i

( )
, l

j 1
j i

n 1
i

1 ,i j
( j )
0 ,i j

( i ) f (i )

( )
f ( ),
b

b n

I f ( )d ( )d
n

i 1

l
b

n 1
i
a

l
i 1

n 1
i

( ) f ( i )d

( )d f (i ) Ai f (i )
i 1

n-1

Newton-cotes
n i (i 1, 2,..., n)

Newton-cotes

Newton-cotes n-1

n=1

a
b

Simpson n=2 a

f ( x)dx
f ( x)dx

ba
f (a) f (b)
2

ba
ab

f
(
a
)

4
f
(
)

f
(
b
)

6
2

Gauss-Legendre

f ( )d Ai f (i )

i 1

n
2n-1
2n-1
n