Chapter 1-5 Review

Chapter 1-5 Review
Drafting 1 and 2
Why
is it important to carefully think about a career

choice?
What steps are needed to build a career?
Take a sheet of paperdefine two types of
engineering (from the list)
Aerospace, Architecture,
Chemical, Civil,
Electrical, Industrial, Mechanical, Mining and
Metalurgy, Nuclear, Petroleum, Plastics and
Safety.
*in
your own words
Section1.1
Career
Paths
Engineering, Architecture,
Technical Illustraction
Mechanical Design,
Section
1.1
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneur
Tell
me some Characteristics
Section
1.1
Computer Aided
Advantage,
Drafting
Production input, Plan Extraction,

Disadvantages
Take a sheet of paperdefine two types of engineering (from the

list)
Aerospace, Architecture, Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Industrial,

Mechanical, Mining and Metalurgy, Nuclear, Petroleum, Plastics and
Safety.
Now
we will go to the computer lab, you

will work in teams of two and will write a
paper on the history of two types of
engineering.
Section
Skim
1.2
over and define all terms listed on the

first page.
Sketching and Lettering
**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN

and Define them.... Might be on a test!
The
Design Process
The
Design Process
STEP 1:
Identify the Problem -- Students

should state the challenge problem in their
own words. Example: How can I design a
__________ that will __________?
The
Design Process
STEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints -Students should specify the design requirements
(criteria).
Example: Our growth chamber must have a growing
surface of 10 square feet and have a delivery
volume of 3 cubic feet or less. Students should list
the limits on the design due to available resources
and the environment (constraints). Example: Our
growth chamber must be accessible to astronauts
without the need for leaving the spacecraft.
The
Design Process
STEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions -Each student in the group should sketch his
or her own ideas as the group discusses
ways to solve the problem. Labels and arrows
should be included to identify parts and how
they might move. These drawings should be
quick and brief.
The
Design Process
STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each

student should develop two or three ideas more
thoroughly. Students should create new drawings
that are orthographic projections (multiple views
showing the top, front and one side) and isometric
drawings (three-dimensional depiction). These are
to be drawn neatly, using rulers to draw straight
lines and to make parts proportional. Parts and
measurements should be labeled clearly.
The
Design Process
STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The

developed ideas should be shared and
discussed among the team members.
Students should record pros and cons of
each design idea directly on the paper
next to the drawings.
The
Design Process
STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students

should work in teams and identify the
design that appears to solve the problem
the best. Students should write a
statement that describes why they chose
the solution. This should include some
reference to the criteria and constraints
identified above.
The
Design Process
STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -Students will construct a full-size or scale

model based on their drawings. The
teacher will help identify and acquire
appropriate modeling materials and tools.
See the design brief for a sample list.
The
Design Process
STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will

examine and evaluate their prototypes or
designs based on the criteria and
constraints. Groups may enlist students
from other groups to review the solution
and help identify changes that need to be
made. Based on criteria and constraints,
teams must identify any problems and
proposed solutions.
What
is spatial visualization?
Isometric Drawings
Sketching Isometric Drawings
Coded Plans
Visualization of Object
Viewpoints
Examples
The
ability to mentally manipulate, rotate,

twist, or invert a pictorially presented object .
Important skill for scientific & technical fields,
such as:
Architects
& Engineers
Doctors
Computer
Programmers
Anyone needing a creative solution to a
problem
Sketching
is drawing freehand without the

aid of any drafting equipment except paper
and pencil. It is a very common form of
visual communication that is used in
virtually ALL areas of work and life.
1.
Uses no drafting equipment - freehand

2. Is an extremely fast form of visual
communication.
3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding of
concepts, shapes, or directions.
4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere.
5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool,
which helps to minimize or prevent errors.
6. Is a collection of all necessary information
required about an object - including detail, size and
shape descriptions.
Critical
A.
Factors
Key Reasons for Sketching

1) Communicate
2) Organize
3) Realize Ideas
B. Key Factors while Sketching
1) Speed
2) Accuracy
3) Clarity
Construction Lines to Object Lines

1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type
lines!
2) Point to Point
3) Dash to Dash
4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B.
Block Technique
or
1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)

2) Divide into areas of major shapes
3) Add detail as required
4) Add text where necessary to clarify (notes
dimensions)
Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an

Original)
1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox copy.
2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of
object spaced an exact distance apart (ex. ",
", etc.).
3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at
desired size (enlarge / reduce)
4) Add line detail a block at a time.
One View Orthographic Projection

1) Always that view which would be considered the
front of the object.
2) Used when only one view is necessary to provide
shape description.
Two View Orthographic Projection

1) Front View and Top View.
2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views
are identical.
Three View Orthographic Projection

1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Provides the most complete shape and size
description.
3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of
objects.
Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)

1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid
size
2) Complete sketch square by square, comparing
individual squares as you proceed.
Realize Ideas / Designing

1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever
necessary.
3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your
mind.
The
Glass BOX!
Does
it exist?
If it does.
How
does it work?
Whats it purpose?
The
Glass BOX!
Does
it exist? YES
If it does.
How
does it work? You will see.on next slide

Whats it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the
views for an object.
Imagine
that you have an object

suspended by transparent threads inside
a glass box.
Then
draw the object on each of three

faces as seen from that direction. Unfold
the box (figure 4) and you have the three
views. We call this an "orthographic" or
"multiview" drawing.
Figure
5 shows how the three views

appear on a piece of paper after
unfolding the box.
Which
views should one choose for a

multiview drawing?
The views that reveal every detail about the
object. Three views are not always
necessary; we need only as many views as
are required to describe the object fully.
For
example, some objects need only

two views, while others need four. The
circular object in figure 6 requires only
two views.
Figure 6 An object
needing
only two
orthogonal
views
Shows
the faces of an object

Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
Frontal
Profile
Horizontal
Front
view shows height & width

Side view shows height & depth
Top view shows width & depth
Visible edges are solid lines.
Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden)
lines
Views align with each other
Rotation from one view to another
equals 90
A Pictorial
Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
A Pictorial

An
oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch

in which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
A Pictorial

An

A Pictorial

An

An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
that relies on three axes to show width height
and depth. However , an isometric sketch,
shows the axes spaced equally. (120 degrees)
A Pictorial

An

Used
to show 3-Dimensional projection on

a 2-Dimensional surface.
Projected so that width and length are 30
from horizontal and height is vertical.
Shows
height of each cube stack.

Each corner could be a viewpoint of the
object.
Viewpoint means the direction in which an
observer is viewing the object.
Similar to a top view in an Orthographic
Projection.
2
1
V
V = Viewpoint
FOR SKECTHING
DO NOT SHOW EACH
CUBE. SHOW ONLY
VISIBLE SURFACES
AND EDGES, AS IF
CUBES HAVE BEEN
COMBINED.
2
1
V
V = Viewpoint
1
Note location of
viewpoint and coded
plan noting height of
object. Click to start
animation.
3
V
Click to start animation.
Viewpoints
can make the object appear
differently.
Example #2 is redrawn with a different
viewpoint.
V
Click to start animation.
Different
look
Optical illusion of height
Viewpoints can show or exclude details
3
V
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
Spatial
Visualization is an important skill

Coded plans help you visualize a solid
object
Viewpoints change look of object and can
hide details
Sketches
are not usually made to scale

(exact measurement).
It
is important to still show proportions, so that

each part of the drawing is roughly the right
size in relation to other parts of the drawing.
First
what is a dimension?
Dimensioning
is a way of enhancing the shape

description provided by the drawing. By
dimensioning the drawing, you are providing a
size description to enhance the shape
description provided.
When
dimensioning a drawing, the drafter

must keep in mind the final object.
Therefore, all information must be included
such as sizes and the processes required
to make the final piece.
All
drawings must be made to scale, with

that scale indicated either in the title block,
or below the detail's title on the sheet.
There
are many standards or "rules" for

dimensioning a drawing. These may differ
depending on the type of drawing and the
accepted business standards for that
discipline.
Rough
Sketch
Refined Sketch
Presentation Sketch
Temporary Sketch
Permanent Sketch
The Overlay
Paper
and Pencil
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
Medium
H
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Softest
Tone
U.S.
#1
#2
#2 *
#3
#4
World
B
HB
F
H
Lettering
is used on drawings to give dimensions

and other pertinent information needed to fully
describe the item.
The lettering must be neat and legible if it is to
be easily read and understood.
A drawing
will be improved by good
lettering.
However, a good drawing will look sloppy
and unprofessional if the lettering is poorly
done.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

recommends that the Single-Stroke Gothic Alphabet be
the accepted lettering standard
It can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each

part of every letter is made by a single stroke.
This is because there are no serifs on the letters of this

alphabet.
A serif is like a tiny foot on a letter; alphabets that have
serifs are more difficult to letter by hand. An alphabet
without serifs is always called a san serif alphabet.
Today, because of computers,

there are many different alphabet
styles (also called fonts).
When lettering a drawing, if the

single stroke Gothic alphabet is
not available, choose a san serif
font and use only upper case
letters.
Use guide lines

Guide lines should be drawn so lightly they will not show
up on a print made from the drawing
Vertical guide lines may be used to assure that the letters
will be vertical
Inclined guide lines are drawn at 67 1/20 to the horizontal
line when inclined lettering is to be used.
INCLINED GUIDE LINES HELP KEEP

INCLINED LETTERING UNIFORM
Only one form of lettering should appear on a drawing.
AVOID
COMbINING
SEVERAL fORMS
Of LETTERING.
Spacing:
Proper spacing of the letters is important.
The letters should be placed so spaces between the
letters appear to be about the same.
SPACED VISUALLY
SPACED BY MEASURING
Designing new products, adapting or

altering existing designs or creating
something brand new is always a
challenging task. However, if we can
follow a process or a plan, we can often
times shorten the time required to
complete the project as well as ensure
that we have not missed any necessary
elements or crucial steps.
Task
Using any available source, research and then write a one
page summary / explanation of "the design process." Be sure
to include the recommended steps that should be followed.
Use the design process to create a new or original product
Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt to
work out the final version of your product
Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of your
finished design. Be sure to include a title and as much detail
(and labels) as necessary to communicate your idea to
another person.
Self evaluate...
Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming
sketches & Final sketch) together and turn in.
Assignments starting Page 58

Problems 1, 3, 6, 9,10
Due in ONE WEEK
Complete on Graph paper
Chapter 3
Board- Drafting Equipment
Vocabulary
Drawing Board/ Table

Is
usually a large, flat board on which you

attach a drawing sheet to make a drawing.
T-square
Used
for horizontal lines & as a guide for other

instruments
Triangles
Tool
for drawing vertical & inclined lines

45 Triangle
30-60 Triangle
Protractor
Used
for drawing inclined lines & angles
Compass
Tool
for drawing circles & arcs
French Curve
Also
called an Irregular curve

Consists of a variety of curves that can be used
when arcs are not satisfactory
Divider
Looks
like a compass, but both legs have steel

pints at the end
Tool used for measurement purposes
Templates
Used
to help in drawing shapes & symbols

Templates for producing squares, ellipses
triangles, etc.
Care of Tools
Store
in cabinet when not in use

Do not cut against edge of plastic tools
Keep wooden tools & boards clean
Occasionally check t-squares for blade alignment
Drawing Instrument Safety

Pass,
do not throw, tools

Use tools with points, such as the compass &
dividers, only as directed
Use knives as directed & store them in proper
containers
SCALES
The Architects
Scale
The Mechanical Engineers Scale
The Civil Engineers Scale
The Decimal Inch Scale
Hand
out
Assignment
Page
86
Problems 1-3
Page 87
Problem 4
Complete
any drawings on Graph Paper

(sketching)
CHAPTER 5 and REVIEW
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
Medium
H
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Softest
Pencils
You
should have 3 mechanical, ALL AT HB

.5 mm
.7mm
.9mm
Use
.9mm for the outline of an object, .7mm

for center and hidden lines, .5 mm for
construction lines
Pencils
You
should have 5 different types of wood

pencils
6H: Construction Lines (guide lines)
4H: Section Lines Phantom Lines
3H: Dimension Lines
2H: Hidden and Center Lines
H: Object lines, Boarder, and Letters
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H
Hardest
Medium
H
B
2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Softest
The Alphabet of Lines

Page
104
Make
a short hand list of these lines,

thickness, and any other important
information.
Tape this list to your Drafting Desk
Chapter 5
Vocabulary
Geometry
Geometric
Construction
Vertex
Bisect
Perpendicular
Parallel
Polygon
Inscribe
Circumscribe
Regular
Ellipse
Polygon
Geometry for Drafting
Chapter Objectives
Identify geometric shapes and constructions used by drafters.
Construct various geometric shapes.
Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using drafting instruments.
Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using a CAD system.
Use geometry to reduce or enlarge a drawing or to change its proportions.
Applied Geometry for Board

Drafting
Figure 5-2

Drafting
Figure 5-3

Drafting
Figure 5-4

Drafting
Figure 5-5

Drafting
Figure 5-6

Drafting
Figure 5-7

Drafting
Figure 5-8

Drafting
Figure 5-9

Drafting
Figure 5-10

Drafting
Figure 5-11

Drafting
Figure 5-12

Drafting
Figure 5-13

Drafting
Figure 5-14

Drafting
Figure 5-15

Drafting
Figure 5-16

Drafting
Figure 5-17

Drafting
Figure 5-18

Drafting
Figure 5-19

Drafting
Figure 5-20

Drafting
Figure 5-21

Drafting
Figure 5-22

Drafting
Figure 5-23

Drafting
Figure 5-24

Drafting
Figure 5-25

Drafting
Figure 5-26

Drafting
Figure 5-27

Drafting
Figure 5-28

Drafting
Figure 5-29

Drafting
Figure 5-30

Drafting
Figure 5-31

Drafting
Figure 5-32

Drafting
Figure 5-33

Drafting
Figure 5-34

Drafting
Figure 5-35

Drafting
Figure 5-36

Drafting
Figure 5-37

Drafting
Figure 5-38

Drafting
Figure 5-39

Drafting
Figure 5-40

Drafting
Figure 5-41

Drafting
Figure 5-42

Drafting
Figure 5-43

Drafting
Figure 5-44

Drafting
Figure 5-45

Drafting
Figure 5-46
Geometry and Geometric

Constuctions
What
do you need to be able to

understand geometric constructions?
Pythagorean Theorem
Page
(page 135 FG 5-2)
136 FG 5-3
Turn to Page 138, Pages 138-157
You are to read each method, and in a short
definition explain each, and give a small
example on a sheet of paper, this is due
Friday 11/6 (drafting 1)
Applied Geometry for CAD

Systems
Vocabulary
Object
Snap
Ogee Curve
Intervals
Specify
Chapter 5.2
What
do object snaps allow a drafter to do?
Midpoint
Nearest
Endpoint
Center
Intersection
Quadrant
Perpendicular
Tangent

Systems
Figure 5-48

Systems
Figure 5-49

Systems
Figure 5-50

Systems
Figure 5-51

Systems
Figure 5-52

Systems
Figure 5-53

Systems
Figure 5-54

Systems
Figure 5-55

Systems
Figure 5-56

Systems
Figure 5-57

Systems
Figure 5-58

Systems
Figure 5-59

Systems
Figure 5-60

Systems
Figure 5-61

Systems
Figure 5-62

Systems
Figure 5-63

Systems
Figure 5-64
Get your books

Turn
to page 160
Try each out thru page 169.

You assignment is to complete
Packet
4
Chapter 5 Math Packet
Test Next FRIDAY
Can
cover anything from the beginning of the year until

now.

Chapter 1-5 Review

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Chapter 1-5 Review

is it important to carefully think about a career

your own words

Production input, Plan Extraction,

Take a sheet of paperdefine two types of engineering (from the

Aerospace, Architecture, Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Industrial,

we will go to the computer lab, you

over and define all terms listed on the

Sketching and Lettering

**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN

Identify the Problem -- Students

STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each

STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The

STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students

STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -Students will construct a full-size or scale

STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will

ability to mentally manipulate, rotate,

is drawing freehand without the

Uses no drafting equipment - freehand

Key Reasons for Sketching

Construction Lines to Object Lines

1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)

Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an

One View Orthographic Projection

Two View Orthographic Projection

Three View Orthographic Projection

Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)

Realize Ideas / Designing

does it work? You will see.on next slide

that you have an object

draw the object on each of three

5 shows how the three views

views should one choose for a

example, some objects need only

the faces of an object

view shows height & width

Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch

Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch

Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch

Sketch is a picturelike sketch in

oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch

to show 3-Dimensional projection on

height of each cube stack.

can make the object appear

Visualization is an important skill

are not usually made to scale

is important to still show proportions, so that

is a way of enhancing the shape

dimensioning a drawing, the drafter

drawings must be made to scale, with

are many standards or "rules" for

is used on drawings to give dimensions

will be improved by good

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

It can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each

This is because there are no serifs on the letters of this

Today, because of computers,

When lettering a drawing, if the

Use guide lines