COMPRESSION

DEFINATION

Compaction: The situation in which materials are

subjected to some level of mechanical forces
Compression means a reduction in the bulk volume
of the material as a result of displacement of the
gaseous phases
Consolidation means an increase in the mechanical
strength of the material resulted from
particle/particle interaction.

SOLID AIR INTERFACE

SOLID AIR INTERFACE

Free surface energy
Cohesive forces
Adhesive forces
These forces affects flow from hopper, movement
in mixer and compression of powders

ANGLE OF REPOSE
Practical technique for measuring resistance to
particle movement

MASS VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Different volumes
Intraparticulate: Air space within single particles
Interparticulate: Air space between individual
particles
True volume: total volume of the powder which
excludes all spaces
Granular volume: The cumulative volume occupies
by the particles, including all intraparticulate voids

Different volumes
The bulk volume: the total volume occupied by
the entire powder mass
Porosity: Ratio of the total volume of the void
space [Vv] to the bulk volume of the material
[Vb]
Porosity =

Different volumes

DENSITY
Ratio of mass to volume is known as density

EFFECT OF APPLIED FORCES

Deformation:

When any solid body subjected to opposing forces ,

there is a finite change in its geometry, depending
upon the nature of the applied load. The relative
amount of deformation produced by such forces is
a dimensional quantity called strain

EFFECT OF APPLIED FORCES

EFFECT OF APPLIED FORCES

Compression

EFFECT OF APPLIED FORCES

Consolidation:

When surface of the two particles approaches each

other closely enough, their free surface energies
result in a strong attractive force, a process known
as cold welding.
There are many points of contact in powder bed due
to irregular shape of the particles.

EFFECT OF APPLIED FORCES

Factor affecting Consolidation:

Crystalline nature of the material
Available surface

Presence of surface contaminants and

Intersurface distances

Consolidation

Role of Moisture:
Moisture can affect
the proportion of the
applied force
transmitted in the
lower punch

Moist Granulation

Pendular stage

Fanicular stage

Moist Granulation

Capillary stage

Droplet stage

Properties of granules
Particle size and shape
Strength of granules

Compression and consolidation

under high loads

When compaction forces reaches to its maximum, a

bulk solid structure of a certain overall strength
will have been produced.
This structures must be strong enough to withstand
the new stresses induced from the release of the
applied load and ejection from the die.

Compression and consolidation

under high loads

The relationship between upper punch force [F A] and

lower punch [FL] force is expressed as

K= experimentally determined material dependent constant

H and D is the height and diameter of the tablet

EFFECT OF FRICTION
Interparticulate friction
Die wall friction

FORCE DISTRIBUTION

FORCE DISTRIBUTION
Radial forces

= Poisson ratio

Ejection forces
The forces necessary to eject a finished tablet
follows a distinctive pattern of three stages
Peak force require to initiate ejection, by breaking
of tablet die wall adhesion
Force, to push the tablet up the die wall
Decline force of ejection, as the table emerges
from the die

Strength of the tablet

The mechanical strength of tablets can be described
as
Hardness
Bending strength
Fracture resistance
Friability and
Crushing strength

Crushing strength
Compressional forces, which when applied diametrically to
a tablet, just fracture it
Placing the tablet on or against a fixed anvil and
transmitting the force to it, by means of a moving plunger,
until the tablet just fractures.

Friability
Measure the resistance to surface abrasion
Friability is determined by measuring the weight loss on
subjecting the tablets to a standard agitation procedure
Roche friabilator is used for measuring the friability

W0 = Initial weight
W = Final weight

Capping
Tablet structure fails on ejection from the die or during subsequent operations
such as coating, is termed as capping

Capping
Capping can be overcome by
Use of vacuum during compression
Inclusion of components in the formula to
enhance bonding and provide matrix of plastically
deforming material for stress relief.
Gradual loading and unloading of the tablet mass

Evaluation of tablets
1. Size and shape
2. Weight
3. Hardness
4. Thickness
5. Disintegration time
6. Dissolution time

Limits for weight variation

Disintegration
Disintegration is the first physical change observed
for the drug when it enters in the body
Disintegration apparatus consist of 6 glass tubes
with 10 number mesh at the bottom and tub is 3
inch long which is placed in a medium simulated
to the disintegration environment and maintained
at 37 degree centigrade

Disintegration
The system is made to move up and down through a
distance of 5-6 cm at a frequency of 28-32 cycle
per minutes