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Outline
Introduction
Transmission methods
Simplex, half duplex and full duplex
transmission
Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth
Noise
Data rate
References
Tutorial
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Introduction
Data transmission occurs between transmitter
and receiver over some transmission medium.
Transmission media may be classified as guided
or unguided.
With guided media, the waves are guided
along a physical path; examples of guided media
are twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber.
Unguided media, also called wireless, provide a
means for transmitting electromagnetic waves
but do not guide them
In both cases, communication is in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
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Transmission methods
direct link
no intermediate devices
point-to-point
direct link
only 2 devices share link
multi-point
more than two devices share the link
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half duplex
either direction, but only one way at a time
eg. police radio
full duplex
both directions at the same time
eg. telephone
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Frequency
Frequency is defined as number of
cycles per second.
Each cycle forms a period. Thus :
1
f Hz.........................(1)
T
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Spectrum
The spectrum of a signal is the range
of frequencies that it contains.
Vs1
Vs2
1
Vs3
1
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Spectrum
The range of frequencies can be
calculated from:
1
f
Hz
T
Where :
signal
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Spectrum
Thus:
1 1
f1 0.5Hz
T1 2
1 1
f2
1Hz
T2 1
1
1
f3
2 Hz
T3 0.5
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Bandwidth
The absolute bandwidth of a signal
is the width of the spectrum.
Thus:
B f 3 f1 2 0.5 1.5Hz
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Noise
Define as an unwanted signals within
the wanted signal
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Noise categories
Noise may be divided into four
categories:
Thermal noise
Intermodulation noise
Crosstalk
Impulse noise
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Crosstalk
Crosstalk it is an unwanted coupling
between signal paths.
It can occur by electrical coupling
between nearby twisted pairs
experienced by anyone who, while
using the telephone, has been able
to hear another conversation.
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Impulse noise
Non-continuous noise consisting of
irregular pulses or noise spikes of short
duration and of relatively high amplitude.
It is generated from a variety of causes:
external electromagnetic disturbances, such as
lightning
faults and flaws in the communications
system.
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Intermodulation Noise
Noise due to signals of different
frequencies sharing the same
transmission medium,
The effect of intermodulation noise is to
produce signals at a frequency that is
the sum or difference of the two original
This derived signal could interfere with
an intended signal at the frequency
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Thermal noise
Thermal noise is due to thermal
agitation of electrons.
It is present in:
all electronic devices and
transmission media
It is a function of temperature.
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Thermal noise
Thermal noise power:
Pn kTB..............( 2)
Where:
PT
B
T
1.38 10
k
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Thermal noise
Thermal noise voltage is therefore:
2
n
V
Pn
R
Vn 4kTBR ......................(3)
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Data rate
The rate, in bits per second (bps), at
which data can be communicated.
Also called channel capacity
Data rate can be computed taking
into account the channel noise
condition.
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C 2 B log 2 M ................( 4)
Where:M
number of
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Where:
SNR 10 log
10
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.......................(6)
Pn
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Reference
[1] William Stallings, 2010, Data and
Computer Communications, 9th Edition,
Pearson, ISBN-10:0132172178 or ISBN13:978-0132172172.
[2] Michael P. Fitz, 2007, "Fundamentals of
Communication Systems, 1st Edition,
McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN-10:
0071482806or ISBN-13:978- 0071482806.
[3] John G. Proakis andMasoud Salehi, 2013,
Fundamentals of Communication Systems,
2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, ISBN10:0133354857or ISBN-13:9780133354850
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Tutorial
Question one
a) State the difference between frequency
spectrum and frequency bandwidth.
b) A noise free channel has a bandwidth of
4kHz.
i.
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Tutorial
Question two
a) briefly explain four categories of noise
b)Given a receiver with an effective noise
temperature of 294 K and a 10-MHz
bandwidth. If the effective resistance of
the receiver is 100 ohms, calculate:
i.
ii.
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