GAMETOGENESIS

OUTLINE
GAMETOGENESIS
a. Oogenesis

stages of meiosis in the female

ovarian maturation, hormones and
cycles
ovulation

b. Spermatogenesis

stages of meiosis in the male

differentiation (spermiogenesis)

FERTILIZATION
a. Where it takes place
b. How it takes place
EARLY DEVELOPMENT

SOME TERMS
Gamete: egg or sperm
Gametogenesis: production of eggs or sperm
Oogenesis: production of eggs
Spermatogenesis: production of sperm
Spermiogenesis: differentiation of sperm morphology
Follicle: where eggs mature in the ovary
Ovulation: release of egg from follicle
Polar body: nonfunctional product of meiotic
divisions in oogenesis
Zygote: Fertilized egg

SOME MORE TERMS

Oogonia: mitotically dividing cells in the ovary, will become
Oocytes
Primary oocyte: decision has been made to undergo
meiosis, cell has grown. Cells are arrested at this stage
until puberty.
Secondary oocyte: has completed first meiotic division
the division was unequal in terms of cytoplasm
Ovum: Ovulated egg, ready to be fertilized. If fertilized,
the second meitoic division will occur, another polar body
will be given off.

PROCESS OF GAMETOGENESIS
It is the process of
conversion of immature
germ cells
(spermatogonium or
oogonium), into mature
gametes (sperm or oocyte).
This maturation is called
spermatogenesis in males
and oogenesis in females.
During gametogenesis, a
special type of cell division
(meiosis) occurs, in which
the number of
chromosomes is reduced
from diploid to haploid
number.

It prepares gametes for

fertilization.

Perkembangan Folikel

Hormon Ovarium
Estrogen :

Dihasilkan oleh ovarium dr mulai anak2 s/d

menopause
Untuk perkembangan organ kelamin wanita &
sifat fisik mental wanita yg normal, demikian
juga dgn Estriol.

Progesteron :

Dihasilkan o/ korpus luteum

Melanjutkan pekerjaan estrogen membuat
endometrium menjadi lebih tebal & siap
menerima ovum yg telah dibuahi.
Progesteron menghambat terjadinya proses
menstruasi.

Ovarium
Folikel primordial (sel2 telur muda) Folikel de Graaf
(matang). Folikel mengeluarkan hormon Estrogen
bergerak menepi menembus ovarium : OVULASI
(proses pematangan & pelepasan ovum dari ovarium).
Gerakan2 fimbriae mendorong ovum masuk ke tuba &
menunggu pertemuan dgn sperma pembuahan.
Bila tidak dibuahi : korpus luteum dari folikel de Graaf
sbg penghasil progesteron akan mengecil & menjadi
jaringan parut, Progesteron berhenti MENSTRUASI
(keluarnya darah per vagina yg tdd ovum, jar.
endometrium & darah).

Figure 28.16 The Ovarian

Cycle

Figure 28.16

Figure 28.16 The Ovarian Cycle

Figure 28.16

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis

Oogenesis

proliferasi

Oogonia (44+2X)

growth
maturasi
Polar body I

maturasi

Bila terjadi fertilisasi :

Oosit I (44+2X)

ootid

Oosit II (22+X)
Ootid (22+X)

Polosit (Polar body II)

Pb II

spermatozoa

Figure 28.15 Oogenesis

Figure 28.15

Oogenesis

Oogonia mitosis sampai bulan ke 5, 7 juta pada saat

lahir
Atresia degenerasi oogonia: Pubertas - 40,000;
Diovulasikan - 400
Meiosis dimulai neonatus
Hambatan 1 Meiosis profase ke 1 disebut Oosit
primer
Oosit primer Nukleus besar vesikel germinal
Setelah Pubertas meiosis 1 dilengkapi tepat sebelum
ovulasi
Meiosis unequal Oosit sekunder dan polar body 1
Hambatan ke 2 meiosis pada metafase pembelahan ke
2
Fertilisasi menyebabkan dilepaskannya hambatan ke 2

Oosit

Korona radiata,
sel folikel
Zona pelusida,
aselular 3
glikoprotein
primair (ZP1, 2,
3)
Granul Kortikal
vesikel, enzim
hidrolitik
polisakarida
Pronukleus
betina

 Has a covering
of a morphous
material (Zona
Pellucida) and
a layer of
follicular cells
(Corona
Radiata).

OVUM
Inti
kromosom / pembawa gen
Sitoplasma
aktif (mitokondria)
tidak aktif (kunir, fat droplets, vitamin)

DINDING OVUM
Primer ( membran vitelina pd
pisces, amfibi, reptil, mamalia,
vertebrata)
Sekunder dihasilkan oleh sel folikel
(korona radiata, zona pelusida pd
mamalia, tikus)
Tersier dihasilkan oleh saluran
reproduksi (lapisan oviduk (jelly pd

OVUM (berdasarkan jumlah

kunir)
Oligolesital / meiolesital :
kunir (yolk) sangat sedikit :
mamalia, amfioksus,
berdasarkan letak kunir :
sentrolesital dan isolesital
Mesolesital / medialesital :
kunir sedang, berdasarkan
letak kunir yg cenderung ke
bawah : telolesital

isolecithal

mesolecithal

telolecithal

Pada stadium 6 minggu gonad tdr dari 2 bag

Bag. superfisial / epitel germinal
Bag. dalam : blastema --> testis (laki2),
ovarium (perempuan)
Sel mesenkim epitel soelom membentuk sex
cord --> testis cord --> tubulus seminiferus
(tempat spermatogenesis)
Potongan melintang t. seminiferus tdp
penampang bbrp saluran

Sel spermatogon
Sel Sertoli
SPG --> sel spermatogonium
sel epitel soelom --> sel Sertoli
dan sel Leydig

Sel Leydig
hormon testosteron

T. seminiferus bermuara di rete

testis --> d. efferens di lateral d.
Wolff tdp d. Mulleri (gonad
indiferen)

Sel spermatogon
Sel Sertoli
SPG --> sel spermatogonium
sel epitel soelom --> sel Sertoli
dan sel Leydig

Sel Leydig
hormon testosteron

Bila menjadi perempuan --> sex

cord berdegenerasi
--> stroma fibrosa vaskularisasi
(bag tengah ovarium),
SPG --> ke bag. korteks /
superfisial --> epitel germinal
--> SPG dikelilingi folikel (identik
dng sel Sertoli)

Tubulus seminiferus

Figure 28.9 The Epididymus

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.4 The Structure of the

Testes

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5 The Seminiferous

Tubules

Figure 28.5a,
b

Figure 28.5 The Seminiferous

Tubules

Figure 28.5c

Sel Sertoli

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
proliferasi

Spermatogonia (44+X+Y)

growth
maturasi
maturasi

spermatosit I (44+X+Y)
spermatosit II (22+X atau Y)
spermatid (22+X atau Y)

spermiogenesis

spermatozoa (22+X atau Y)

Figure 28.7 Spermatogenesis

Figure 28.7

Figure 28.8 Spermiogenesis and

Spermatozoon Structure

Figure 28.8

Spermiogenesis
It is the last phase of
spermatogenesis.
The rounded spermatid is
transformed into
elongated sperm.
Note the loss of
cytoplasm,
development of the tail,
and formation of
acrosome, which is
derived from Golgi region
of spermatid.
Acrosome contains
enzymes that are released
at the biginning of
fertilization to help sperm
in penetrating corona
radiata & zona pellucida
surrounding secondary
oocyte.

The mature sperm

Mature
sperm

Secondary oocyte
(Mature female
gamete)

It is a free-swimming actively
motile cell, consisting of a head,
neck and a tail.
The head, composed mostly of
haploid nucleus.
The nucleus is partly covered by
a caplike acrosome, an organelle
containing enzymes to help
sperm in penetrating corona
radiata & zona pellucida of
secondary oocyte during
fertilization.
The tail of sperm consists of
3 segments : middle,
principal &
end pieces.
it provides motility of sperm to
the site of fertilization.
The middle piece of the tail
contains mitochondria, providing
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
necessary for activity.

Anatomi
Sperma

Kepala (nukleus
meiosis lengkap)
Akrosom
Leher (junction)
Ekor (middle piece;
end piece)
mitochondria,
microtubule system

Figure 28.12 Hormonal Feedback and the

Regulation of the Male Reproductive
Function

Figure 28.12

Comparing Spermatogenesis and

Oogenesis

Comparison of Gametes

Sperm
It is highly motile.
It contains little cytoplasm.
It is not surrounded by Z.P &
C.R.
It has 2 kinds of sex
chromosomes : 23,x and
23,y / so the difference in sex
chromosome complement of
sperms forms the basis of
primary sex determination.

Secondary oocyte
It is immotile.
It has an abundance of
cytoplasm.
It is surrounded by Z.P and a
layer of follicular cells-the
C.R.
It has only one kind of sex

Female reproductive cycles

Commencing at puberty and normally continuing
throughout the reproductive years.
Involving activity of :
Hypothalamus.
Hypophysis.
Ovaries.
Uterus.
Uterine tubes.
Vagina.
Mammary glands.

Female reproductive cycles

Gonadotropine releasing hormone by
hypothalamus (GnRH) stimulates the release
of :
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH);
Stimulates development of ovarian follicles.
Production of estrogen by follicular cells.
Lutinizing hormone (LH);
Trigger for ovulation (secondary oocyte)
Stimulate production of progesterone by follicular
cells and corpus luteum.
These hormones induce growth of endometrium.

Ovarian cycle
FSH and LH produce cyclic changes in the ovaries-the
ovarian cycle (development of follicles, ovulation, and
corpus luteum formation).

Ovarian cycle

Monthly series of events associated with the

maturation of an egg.
Follicular phase period of follicle growth
(days 114).
Ovulation occurs midcycle.
Luteal phase period of corpus luteum
activity (days 1428).

Menstrual cycle
It is the cyclic changes in the
endometrium (every 28 days) under
fluctuating effect of gonadotropic,
ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
hormones (estrogen and
progesterone).
It is the peroid during which the
oocyte matures, ovulated, and
enters the uterine tube.

Menstrual cycle

Phases of the menstrual cycle :

Menstrual phase; the functional
layer of the uterine wall is sloughed,
discarded with the menstrual flow, it
lasts about 4-5 days.
The endometrium is thin.

Menstrual cycle

Proliferative phase :(follicular

estrogenic), coincides with growth of the
ovarian follicle and controlled by estrogen.
It lasts about 9 days.
Increase thickness of endometrium.

Menstrual cycle

Luteal phase; (secretory progesterone),

coincides with formation, function, and
growth of corpus luteum,
It lasts about 13 days.
increase endometrial thickness under
influence of progesterone and estrogen of
corpus luteum.

Menstrual cycle
If fertilization occurs;
corpus luteum under influence of hCG
continues to secrets estrogen and
progesterone, the luteal phase persists
and
menstruation does
not occur.
The endometrium passes into the
pregnancy phase.

If fertilization dose not occur;

corpus luteum degenerates, with fall of

estrogen and progesterone level,
menstruation occurs.

Menstrual cycle
Ischemic phase; due to hormonal
withdrawal as a result of non
fertilization of the oocyte,
Shrinkage of the endometrium,
with patchy ischemic necrosis,
resulting in bleeding in the uterine
cavity.
The cycle is repeated.