Basics of Dynamic Routing

Presented by Aaron Jarvis

Network Engineer
1

Agenda
Introduction to Dynamic Routing
Choosing the Right Protocol
Configuring Dynamic Routing
How the ITaP Production Data Network uses
dynamic routing

Agenda
Introduction to Dynamic Routing
Choosing the Right Protocol
Configuring Dynamic Routing
How the ITaP Production Data Network uses
dynamic routing

Introduction to Dynamic
Routing
What is routing?
How data is forwarded between subnets
Network Layer or Layer 3 in the OSI Model
Provides end-to-end reachability

Introduction to Dynamic
Routing
How are routing decisions made?
Forwarded based on the destination IP address
Router builds/maintains a routing table
Current view of the network
Populated either dynamically or manually

router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.5.40.54 to network 0.0.0.0
69.0.0.0/19 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2
69.51.160.0 [110/1] via 192.5.40.54, 6d21h, Port-channel61
O E2 199.233.104.0/24 [110/1] via 192.5.40.54, 3w4d, Port-channel61
192.5.40.0/24 is variably subnetted, 19 subnets, 4 masks
D
192.5.40.238/32 [90/131328] via 192.31.0.13, 2d16h, Vlan4094
[90/131328] via 192.31.0.113, 2d16h, Vlan4084
O IA
192.5.40.225/32 [110/2] via 192.5.40.54, 3w4d, Port-channel61
O IA
192.5.40.227/32 [110/4] via 192.5.40.54, 3w4d, Port-channel61
C
192.5.40.240/28 is directly connected, Vlan898
D
192.5.40.168/29 [90/3072] via 192.31.0.113, 7w0d, Vlan4084
[90/3072] via 192.31.0.13, 7w0d, Vlan4094
Snip

Agenda
Introduction to Dynamic Routing
Choosing the Right Protocol
Configuring Dynamic Routing
How the ITaP Production Data Network uses
dynamic routing

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Interior Routing Protocols
Used within an autonomous system
Used within an area of administrative
control
Exterior Routing Protocols
Used between autonomous systems
Used to peer with networks in which you
have no administrative control

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Interior Routing Protocols
Static
RIP
OSPF
EIGRP
ISIS
Exterior Routing Protocols
BGP

NOTE: This is not an exhaustive list of protocols available but merely a list of those commonly used.

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Static Routing
May be suitable on small networks
Administration intensive as changes have
to be made on each router
Commonly used for default routing
0.0.0.0/0 Next Hop Router

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Dynamic Routing Protocol Types
Distance Vector
Routing Information Protocol(RIP)
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol(EIGRP)
Link State
Open Shortest Path First(OSPF)
Intermediate System to Intermediate
System(ISIS)
Path Vector
Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Routing Information Protocol(RIP)
RFC 1058(RIPv1), 1988
Classful, no support for VLSM
No support for authentication
RFC 2453(RIPv2), 1998
Classless, support for CIDR
Support for authentication
Uses hop count as routing metric
Slow to converge
Not very scalable
Limited to 15 hops

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP)
Invented by Cisco to overcome limitations
of RIP
Allows for hop count up to 255
Allows for multiple route metrics
Bandwidth
Delay
Load
MTU
Reliability
Classful, no support for VLSM

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol(EIGRP)
Replaced IGRP
Maintains a Topology table
Successors, feasible successors
Allows for multiple route metrics
Classless, support for CIDR
Very fast to converge
Maintains neighbor relationships
Diffusing Update Algorithm(DUAL)
Not as CPU intensive as OSPF

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Open Shortest Path First(OSPF)
RFC 2328(OSPFv2), 1998
Maintains neighbor relationships
Concept of Areas
Different areas can be used to control
flooding of routing information
Classless, supports VLSM
Fast to converge
CPU Intensive Dijkstra Algorithm
Designing can be complicated

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Intermediate System to Intermediate
System(ISIS)
RFC 1142, 1990
Dijkstra Algorithm
Mainly used by large service providers
Does not use IP to carry routing information
Uses ISO addresses
Level Concept
Level 1 or Intra Area
Level 2 or Inter Area
Level 1/2 or Both
Classless, supports VLSM

Choosing the Right

Protocol
Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)
RFC 4271(BGPv4), 2006
Peers manually defined
Used typically for multi-homing to ISP(s)
Very scalable
Makes decisions based upon AS Path
Lots of policy options
Very granular control

Agenda
Introduction to Dynamic Routing
Choosing the Right Protocol
Configuring Dynamic Routing
How the ITaP Production Data Network uses
dynamic routing

Configuring Dynamic
Routing
How to configure dynamic routing?
Choose a protocol that meets your needs
Each vendor has specific commands but
should have a configuration guide available
to assist
Plan well to ensure a functional network
Create a diagram
Consider high availability technologies
HSRP
VRRP

Configuring Dynamic
Routing

Best Practices
Only enable a routing protocol for interfaces
you intend on using
If compromised can cause a lot of
problems
Enable authentication(if available)
Use authentication to ensure that the
remote routers are valid peers

Configuring Dynamic
Routing
Best Practices Cont
Control Network Advertisements
Only allow networks to be advertised that
should be
Private Address Space
Use only within your organization
Private AS Numbers
Strip before sending to ISP

Agenda
Introduction to Dynamic Routing
Choosing the Right Protocol
Configuring Dynamic Routing
How the ITaP Production Data Network
uses dynamic routing

How the ITaP Production

Network Uses Dynamic
Routing
Routing Protocols Used
Interior
EIGRP
OSPF
Static
Exterior
BGP

How the ITaP Production

Network Uses Dynamic
Routing

Whiteboard Drawing

Questions?