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What is intelligence?

Is it the ability to use reason and

logic?
Is it the ability to write and speak
clearly?
Is it limited to ones performance in
school?
Is it behavior in social situations?
How about knowing when youre
wrong?
Not that simple, right?
There are many psychological
theories about intelligence that we
will examine in this module

How do we know
intelligence even exists?
Psychometricians specialize in measuring
psychological characteristics for
intelligence and personality. By using
patterns of test scores, they have found
evidence for general intelligence as well
as for specific abilities

What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is an inferred process that
humans use to explain the different
degrees of adaptive success in
peoples behavior
The mental abilities that enable one to adapt
to, shape, or select ones environment
The ability to judge, comprehend, and reason
The ability to understand and deal with
people, objects, and symbols
The ability to act purposefully, think rationally,
and deal effectively with the environment

Spearmans two factor theory

Spearman proposed that his two-factor
theory has two components. "gis one of
the most reliable and valid measures in
the behavioral domain.
Spearman also believed that performance
on any test of mental ability required the
use of a specific ability factor that he
termed s

Logical

s Mechanical

Arithmetical
s

Spatial

Conflicting theories have

led many psychometric
theorists to propose
hierarchical theories of
intelligence that include
both general and specific
components

Cattells View of Intelligence Intelligence as a Few Basic

Abilities
Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think on the spot and solve

novel problems
The ability to perceive relationships
The ability to gain new types of knowledge

Crystallized Intelligence

Factual knowledge about the world

The skills already learned and practiced

Examples
Arithmetic facts
Knowledge of the meaning of words
State capitals

Intelligence Tests and

Basic Abilities
Fluid intelligence on tests is measured by:
The ability to assemble novel puzzles
The ability to determine the next entry in a
series of numbers
The ability to identify which one of four objects
is related to the others

Children who do well on one test of fluid

intelligence usually do well on other tests
of fluid intelligence
They may no necessarily perform well on tests
of crystallized intelligence

standardization

Intelligence tests
arestandardized, which means
that uniform procedures are used
when administering and scoring the
tests.
example: SAT

Three-Stratum Theory
of Intelligence - John Carroll

Carrolls hierarchal theory is

essentially a compromise
between general and distinct
abilities view of intelligence
Some critics still find it
unsatisfactory because it ignored
the research and theory on cognitive
development

Broader Theory of
Intelligence
Howard Gardener proposed a theory of
multiple intelligences, in which he
identified 9 distinct types of intelligence.
The first three intelligences are included
in psychometric theories of intelligence:
Linguistic intelligence
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence

What Do These Intelligences

Examine?

Linguistics capacity to use language, your

native language and perhaps other
languages to express whats on your mind
and to understand other people. Example,
like to read, like to listen..
Logical-Mathematical the capacity to reason
, calculate recognize patterns and handle
logical thinking. Example, likes to count, likes
to be organized and problem solving.
Spatial the ability to visually perceive items
such as reading a map or arranging items to
make them fit into predetermined space.
Example, art , drawing, painting etc

Gardeners Theory of Multiple

Intelligence
Gardeners remaining 6 distinct
intelligences are unique to
Gardners theory:

Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential intelligence

What are these Intelligences?

Musical the ability to learn how to read and write music and
play an instrument well. It includes composer and musicians.
Bodily-Kinesthetic the capacity to use your whole body or parts
of body, to solve a problem, make something or put on some kind
of production. example, good sense of balance, good sense of
rhythm is graceful in movements.
Interpersonal the ability to connect with others on an emotional
level. The ability to access a situation and understand and sense
how others are feeling as well as how to handle emotional
situation.
Intrapersonal is knowing yourself inside and out. The ability to
know your own strengths and weaknesses. It includes self
knowledge, self motivated, deeply aware of ones own feeling.
Naturalistic -- sensitivity and understanding of plants, animals,
and other aspects of nature
Existential - sensitivity to issues related to the meaning of life,
death, and other aspects of the human condition

Gardeners theory has

prompted researchers to
begin examining other
nontraditional aspects of
intelligence
The best known is emotional
intelligence

How is Intelligence
Measured?

The first Intelligence test was

created by Binet and Simon
using simple tasks to
distinguish children who
would do well in school from
those who wouldnt
Binet and Simon used Mental
age to distinguish bright
from dull children

What is IQ?
Lewis Terman revised Simon and
Binets test and published a version
known as the Stanford-Binet Test in
1916.
Performance was described as an
intelligence quotient (IQ) which was
imply the ratio of mental age to
chronological age multiplied by 100:
IQ=MA/CA x 100

Stanford-Binet IQ Test
This test measures things that are necessary for school
success
Understanding and using language, memory, the
ability to follow instructions, and computational skills
Binets test is a set of age-graded items
Binet assumed that childrens abilities increase with
age
These items measure the persons mental level or
mental age
Adaptive Testing
Determine the age level of the most advanced items
that a child could consistently answer correctly
Children whose mental age equal their actual or
chronological age were considered to be of regular
intelligence

Measuring Intelligence
At any age, children who are
average will have an IQ of 100
because their mental age equals
their chronological age.
Roughly two-thirds of children will have
an IQ score between 85 and 115
Approximately 95% will have scores
between 70 and 130

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

This summary is used to indicate a
childs intelligence relative to others of
the same age
IQ tests measure an individuals
probable performance in school and
similar settings
An IQ test measures performance but
an IQ test does not explain
performance

Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale
Purpose:
developed to help place children in appropriate
educational settings.
determine the level of intellectual and cognitive
functioning.
used to provide educational planning and placement,
neuropsychologicalassessment, and research.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale
Results:
Test scores provide an estimate of
the level at which a child is
functioning based on a combination
of many different subtests or
measures of skills.

Another test used frequently

are the Wechsler Intelligence
Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children-Third Edition (WISC-III)
Used with children 6 to 16

Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleThird Edition (WAIS-III)

Used with people 17 and older

WISC-III
Provides a profile of someones strengths and
weaknesses
Each test is made of 12 parts
Each part begins with the simplest questions
and progresses to increasingly difficult ones
Performance Scale (6 parts)
Spatial and perceptual abilities
Measures fluid intelligence
Verbal Scale (6 parts)
General knowledge of the world and skill
in using language
Measures crystallized intelligence

Verbal IQ is based on:

Information
Measures a child's range of factual information
Example: What day of the year is Independence Day?
Similarities
Measures a child's ability to categorize
Example: In what way are wool and cotton alike?
Arithmetic
Measures the ability to solve computational math
problems
Example: If I buy 6 cents worth of candy and give the
clerk 25 cents, I would get _________ back in change?
Vocabulary
Measures the ability to define words
Example: What does telephone mean?
Comprehension
Measures the ability to answer common sense questions
Example: Why do people buy fire insurance?
Digit Span
Measures short-term auditory memory

Performance IQ is based on:

Coding
Copying marks from a code; visual rote learning

Picture Completion
Telling what's missing in various pictures
Example: Children are shown a picture, such as a car
with no wheels, and are asked: What part of the
picture is missing?

Picture Arrangement
Arranging pictures to tell a story

 Block Design
Arranging multi-colored blocks to match printed
design
Example: Using the four blocks, make one just like this

Object Assembly
Putting puzzles together - measures nonverbal fluid
reasoning
Example: If these pieces are put together correctly,
they will make something. Go ahead and put them
together as quickly as you can.

The Stanford-Binet and the

WISC-III cannot be used to
assess infant intelligence
The Bayley Scales of Infant
Development are often used for
infant assessment

Do Intelligence tests
work?
To answer this question we must
examine Reliability and Validity

How Stable is IQ?

Research suggests that intelligence is
relatively stable from early childhood on
IQ scores tend to be fairly stable
IQ test at 4 and a second at 17 - 13 points up or down
IQ test at 8 and a second at 17 - 9 points up or down
IQ test at 12 and a second at 12 - 7 points up or down

The closer together in time that IQ tests are

given the more consistent (stable) the
scores.

Do tests scores really

measure intelligence?
This is a question of validity. Does
the test measure what it claims to
measure?
Most test developers argue that their
tests are valid measures of
intelligence by showing that test
scores are related to childrens

Factors that Influence

Intelligence

Factors Influencing Intelligence

The Childs Influence
Genetics
GenotypeEnvironment Interaction
Gender
The Immediate Environments Influence
Family Environment
School Environment
The Societys Influence
Poverty
Race/Ethnicity

Gender
Boys and girls tend to be equivalent in most
aspects of intelligence
The average IQ scores of boys and girls is
virtually identical
The extremes (both low and high ends) are
over- represented by boys
Girls as a group:
Tend to be stronger in verbal fluency, in
writing, in perceptual speed (starting as early
as the toddler years)
Boys as a group:
Tend to be stronger in visual-spatial
processing, in science, and in mathematical
problem solving (starting as early as age 3)

Schooling
Attending school makes children smarter
Children from families of low SES and those
from families of high SES make comparable
gains in school achievement during the school
year

What about during summer break?

Children from families of low SES have a drop in
achievement scores
Children from families of high SES have
achievement scores that stay constant or rise
slightly

Poverty
The more years children spend in
poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be
Children from lower- and working-class homes
average 10-15 points below their middleclass age mates on IQ tests

In many countries, children from

wealthier homes score better on IQ test
than children from poorer homes
The greater the gap in wealth in a country the
greater the difference in IQ scores

Poverty Continued
Chronic inadequate diet can disrupt
brain development
Chronic or short-term inadequate diet
at any point in life can impair
immediate intellectual functioning

Reduced access to health service,

poor parenting, and insufficient
stimulation and emotional support
can impair intellectual growth

Race and Ethnicity

The average IQ score of Euro-American
children is 10-15 points higher than
that of African-American children
The average IQ score of Latino and
American-Indian children fall
somewhere in between those of EuroAmerican and African-American
children
The average IQ score of AsianAmerican children tend to be higher
than any other group in the US

Race and Ethnicity

Continued

American-Indian children:
Better on the performance part than the verbal
part of an IQ test
Latino children:
Better on the performance part than the verbal
part of an IQ test
Asian-American children:
Better on the performance part than the verbal
part of an IQ test
African-American children:
Better on the verbal part than the performance
part of an IQ test
Overall - differences in IQ scores of children from
different racial and ethnic groups describes
childrens performance ONLY in the environments
in which the children live

Culture-Fair Intelligence
Tests
Ravens Progressive Matrices
A culture-fair or culture-reduced test that
would make minimal use of language and not
ask for any specific facts
These matrices progress from easy to difficult
items -- measures abstract reasoning

Even on culture-fair tests, Euro-American

and African-American children still differ
One reason - culture can influence a childs
familiarity with the entire testing situation