Graphen

e
A Quick
Review

Presented To:
Dr. Waseem

University College of Engineering and

Outline
Introduction
History
Sp2 hybridization
Methods of preparation
Determination of layers
Doping methods
Applications
Application in sensors
Future work

Introduction(cont)
Graphene physically acts as a 2-Dimensional material.
This leads to many properties that are electrically
beneficial, such as high electron mobility and lowered
power usage. Graphene is currently in its infant stages and
is undergoing many applications and studies.

Introduction(cont)

2-dimensional, crystalline
allotrope of carbon

Allotrope: property of
chemical elements to
exist in two or more
forms

Single layer of graphite

Honeycomb
(hexagonal) lattice

Structure of Graphene

Introduction

History(cont)

Studies on graphite layers

for past hundred years

Graphene theory first

explored by P.R. Wallce
(1947)

Nobel-Prize-winner-Andre-Geim-and-Konstantin-Novoselov

Andre Geim & Kontantin

Novoselov Nobel Peace Prize
(2010)

Graphite

History

Sp2 hybridization(cont)

Sp2 hybridization(cont)

Sp2 hybridization(cont)

Sp2 hybridization

preparation of Graphene
Exfoliation techniques

The Scotch Tape Method

Dispersion of Graphite
Graphite Oxide Exfoliation
Substrate Preparation

Growth on Surfaces

Epitaxial Growth
Chemical Vapors Deposition

Chemically derived from Graphite oxide

Total organic synthesis

Preparation(cont)

Preparation(cont)

Exfoliation(cont)
The scotch tap method

Micromechanical exfoliation method

Conversion of layers
Different Flakes
Obtaining Single Layer
Complexity

Exfoliation(cont)

Exfoliation(cont)

Exfoliation(cont)

Exfoliation(cont)
Dispersion of Graphene

In liquid-phase
Reduced Energy Barriers
Obtained In Higher amount
Uncontrollable

Exfoliation(cont)

Substrate preparation

vacuum filtration
Deposition of graphene on surface
Rotate using Spin coat method
Sprayed using spray coating

Growth on Surfaces

Epitaxial Growth

By Heating And Cooling SiC

Dependence on temperature
Dependence on pressure
Dependence on heating rate

Chemical vapour
deposition(cont)
Decomposition
Evaporation
C diffuses into Ni

Chemical vapour deposition

Determination of Layers
Scanning probe microscopy
For verification of thickness of crystallite
Atomic force microscopy
Use to determine adhesion between graphene
Raman spectroscopy
Used for mechanical exfoliated flakes
Vibrational Technique
Extremely sensitive to geometry and bonding between molecules.

Raman spectroscopy (cont)

Vibrational Bands
G Band
D Band
2D Band

The Raman spectra of graphite and angle layer graphene,

collected with 532 nm excitation

Raman spectroscopy

The G band position as a function of layer thickness. As the number of

layers
increase the band shifts to lower wavenumber, collected with 532 nm
excitation

Doping Methods
Wet Doping
Acid Treatment
Metal Chloride Treatment
Organic Material Treatment
Dry Doping
Electrostatic Field Doping Method
Evaporation Method
Thermal Treatment Method
Plasma Doping

Application of Graphene (cont..)

Transparent conducting electrode
Lower cost of display screens in mobile devices
Components with higher strength to weight ratios
Graphene surface Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars
Lightweight natural gas tanks (composite of plastic and graphene)

Application of Graphene
Lower cost solar cells
Transistors that operate at higher frequency
Membranes for more efficient separation of gases
Terahertz speed transistor

Application in Energy storage

Lithium-ion batteries that

recharge
faster

Ultra capacitors with better

energy storage than

batteries

Application in Sensors(cont)
Chemical Sensors
Plain sensors (electrochemical sensors)
Chemical sensors effective at detecting explosives
Nanocomposite sensors
Washable, flexible and highly sensitive textile type gas sensor.
Electrolyte gated field effect transistor to for PH and protein absorption
Solution gate field effect transistor(SGFET) for PH

Application in Sensors
Biosensor Devices
Graphene based Glucose meter
Measure cholesterol level
Measure DNA sequence
Measure Hemoglobin level
Toxic graphene as anti cancer treatment

Conclusion
Graphene, a singular layer of graphite, has been
discovered to have unique properties. The high mobility
and ability to travel short distances without scattering
makes it one of the best materials for electrical
applications. Graphene's mechanical and optical
properties also allow its use to go beyond electrical
applications.