Presentation on

Paper &Pulp Industry: Effluent Characteristics and Treatment

Presented by

Chinmoy Mandal
(M.Tech.-2014EN03)
Civil Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad

Paper & Pulp Industry

The manufacture of paper
&pulp is a water-intensive
industry
Around 500m3/tonne
edcguest
Water is used as a process
water
Water is also used for loose
the bark &removing of the sap

Wood+wate
r

water

log
pond

Chippin
g

stea
m

chemical
s

Fiber
separati
on

Digesti
on

Black
liquor
Pulp
storag
e

beate
r

scre
en

jordon

water

wat
er

Bleachi
ng
blea
agents

washi
ng

Water
spray

Paper
machine

Pulp
storag
e

chin
g

steam
dry
ing

reeling

White water
To save all
Black
liquor
Conce
ntrast
or

water
Incinetor
to burn
lignin

Tail oil & turpentine

oil from condensed
fumes

ash

Settling
/filtration/
flotation

Dessol Gree
mixing
ving n
tank liquor Lime
mud

calcinato
r

CaO
recyc
led

Water Polluting Substances in Paper

& Pulp Industry
Inorganic substances Sodium Carbonate, Sodium sulphide
Chlorine, chlorine dioxide
Acids
Alkalis

Organic Substances Lignin

Hemicelluloses
Mercaptans, Pentachlorophenol
Suspended solides

Waste Water Characteristics from Various Processes

Process

Possible pollutant
in waste water

Nature of waste
water

Digestion

Lignin, hemicellulose,
Sodium Carbonate,
Sodium sulphide

Black colour , contain

un-reacted
chemicals ,BOD

Washing of digested
pulp

Lignin, hemicellulose

Brown colour , BOD

Bleaching

Chlorine, chlorinated
compounds ,NaOH

Alkaline

fourdrinier

fiber

BOD

pH value

8.0 -9.0

Total Solids

1500 -2500 mg/l

Suspended Solids

600 1500 mg/l

Chloride

500 -600 mg/l

COD

300 2500 mg/l

5 day 20 C

150 -1000 mg/l

Lignin
Lignin creates colour of water
It may also create smell , bitter taste in drinking
water
Increases BOD of the effluent 150-1000 mg/l.
so water pollution create from it .
Suspended solid
Formation of blanket of suspended solids
blanket bottom of the receiving water body
BOD increase
TOXIC COMPOUNDS
Toxicity added due to formation of mercaptans,
pentachlorophenol, sodium pentachlorophenate

Treatment Processes
Primary Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment Processes
Tertiary Treatment Processes

Conventional Treatment Methods

Primary treatment: screening,
sedimentation, flotation, filtration for
suspended solids.
Secondary treatment: Biological
treatment like activated sludge,
aerated lagoons, anaerobic
treatment is given for lignin &BOD
removal.
Tertiary treatment: Ozonisation,
UV radiation is given to oxidize
complex toxic compounds.

Primary Treatment Unit

After Digestion screening is given to
remove uncooked wood, knots.
Save all separates fibers by settling &water
is reused
Coagulation technique helps to colour
removal by lignin
By pyrolysis many valuable material can be
recovered like phenol. Direct recovery of
acetic acid, formic acid can be done from
black liqure.

Secondary technique
Biological Treatment : Activated sludge process,
trickling filter ,anaerobic treatment , waste stabilization
ponds are used.
Activated Sludge Systems: This conventional
treatment system is used in treatment of several
industrial wastewater types in order to remove COD,
BOD, SS. Schnell et al. (1997) showed that 74% of
filtered COD, nearly %100 BOD5, resin and fatty acid
removal were achieved in the full-scale plant.
Saunamaki (1997) reported that 82% and 60% COD
removal efficiency at paper mills and pulp mills,
respectively in full-scale activated sludge systems of
Finland.

 Aerated
Lagoons
(Stabilization
Basins):Aerated lagoons are the simple and
economical biological systems and they have
been studies very well as lab-scale and fullscale at the pulp and paper mills. Welander et
al. (1997) reported that COD removal was
achieved as 30-40% in a full-scale lagoon and
60-70% in a pilot-scale plant.

Anaerobic Treatment Processes: Anaerobic

treatment processes are more suitable for
treatment of high strength wastewater such as
pulp and paper mills. anaerobic microorganisms
are more efficient than aerobics in order to
degrade chlorinated organic compounds.

 Fungal Treatment: Fungal species

have been used to remove colour
and COD from pulp and paper mills.
Pencillium sp., P. chrysosporium and
white rod fungi are the most widely
used species. Choudhury et al.
(1998) reported that Pleurotus ,
ostreatus was removed 77% of lignin,
76.8% of BOD, 60% of COD, and 80%
of colour.

Tertiary Treatment
Alum & clay with pH 5.2 give effective
colour removal efficiency.
Pyrolized Char remove colour from black
liquor 37.5%-75% efficiency.
Use of CaSO4 can effective to reduce
lignin 63.4%-80%
Combination of alum , Calcium
hypochlorite, ferrous sulfate in the
presence of chlorine water was most
effective & gave colour,BOD&COD
removals of 97%,71%,64% respectively.

 Aluminum chloride could remove

59.4% colour
Alum with Magnafloc 155,could
remove S.S, COD ,colour by
91.6%,97%,66.7%.
Colour removal & degradation of
fenolic species can be done by
immobilized the enzyme horseradish
peroxidase on amberlite IRA-400 ion
exchange razine .
Photo-enzymetic colour removal is
useful for industrial application.
In presence ZnO UV radiation is

Black liqure

Primary
treatment

Secondary
treatment

Tertiary
treatment

Thank you