POTTASIUM

DICHROMATE
CORROSION INHIBITOR
IN CONCRETE
Guided by
INDU VS
Asst.Professor
Department of Civil Eng.
SBCE

Presented by
ANJU VISWAN
MTECH SE
SBCE
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INTRODUCTION
Corrosion
induce degradation of steel bars in concrete so

major cause of deterioration of concrete

structures
Industrial, coastal and marine environments of
the world are well dispersed with rust stained,
cracked and spalled concrete structures all
due to degradation of steel
Corrosion inducing agents
oxygen
carbon dioxide and moisture
sulphate ions from microbial or
sewage environment
chloride ions from saline or marine environment

SIGNIFICANCE OF CORROSION
PREVENTION
80% of all the damages of reinforced concrete

structures globally due to

corrosion destruction of concrete steel-rebar
Consequent repair, maintenance, rehabilation,

to ensure service continuity leads to

Intensive labour
Escalating costs annually

CORROSION MECHANISM & ITS

EFFECTS
STEEL
Widely used construction material
Durability of concrete based on alkalinity condition

(pH>12.5)
Chloride corrosion agent (catalyst)
Rebars do not corrode alone in water
Oxygen has most detrimental effect
By mechanism of carbonation (from atmosphere, chlorine,
sulphate ) byproducts obtained reduces structural
strength.
Also expansive volume induces stress crack, spalling,
delamination eventually to collapse.
As a mitigation to corrosion problem use of corrosion
inhibitors for prolong durability & service life of concrete.
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CHEMISTRY OF CORROSION
INHIBITORS
Its an electrochemical reaction
Already an oxide film is on the surface.

defect on this film forms a local cell in water

a part of film works as a negative electrode
defect of film as a positive electrode
so both anodic & cathodic reaction occurs

Anodic Reaction

Cathodic Reaction

 Fe(OH)3 obtained expands its volume .

In good alkaline condition inside the concrete a thin passive layer

forms
very stable
thickness about 20-60 A0 ,
stable under alkaline condition. protects the reinforcement from
corrosion.
It get destroyed when chloride ions increases.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
AND INVESTIGATION
HPC is used here
already contains one or cementitious material
Such as flyash, silica fume or GGBS & usually a

plasticizer
these are included to understand their influenze on concrete

behaviour
to produce a concrete mix within a closely controlled tolerance
influenze of corrosion in concrete
Gradual degradation of metals
Electrochemical oxidation of metals results in oxides and salts
Degrade its strength , appearance...

INHIBIT CORROSION in OPC & HPC with & without

potassium dichromate as the inhibitor

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MIX PROPORTION
Type of cement - Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC, Zuari) 43 grade

River sand conforming to zone II, as per IS:
383 (1970) coarse aggregate 12 mm size
Superplasticizer, conplast SP430.
The mix is designed as per IS:10262 (2009)
and IS: 456 (2000) for ordinary concrete. The
grade of concrete used is M 30
Dosages of inhibitor - 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and
1.0% by mass of cement
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TESTS CONDUCTED
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND FINENESS

MODULUS
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Analysis
Strength Test
Compressive Strength Test
Split Tensile Strength Test
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

REGRESSION ANALYSIS
DURABILITY TEST
Water Absorption Test
Acid Resistance Test
Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)

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CORROSION TEST
Open Circuit Potential Measurements
Impedance Test
Custom Sweep Test
Half-Cell Potential Test

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DETAILSOFCASTSPECIMENS
Deta
s
lioc
fastspecm
i enforstrengthtest

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Details of cast specimen for durability test

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TEST RESULTS

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND FINENESS MODULUS

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ScanningElectronMicroscopy(SEM)Analysis

Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of the

ONI, HNI, OPD (0.25), HPD (0.25), OPD(1) and

HPD (1) pastes are shown in Figure.

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ANALYSIS
Images deal with the chemical analysis of the field of

view or spot analyses of minute particles.

Ordinary concrete
large to small number of voids and micro cracks

In HPC
the number of voids and cracks are less.
are larger spherical and triangle particles which give

additional strength to the mix.

In both concretes, CH (calcium hydroxide)
and C-S-H (calcium hydroxide and silica hydroxide) were
found.
In HPC, Silica fumes and GGBS have large surface area
shows excellent reactivity & stability
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STRENGTH TESTS

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Compression tests on cube

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Compression tests on
cylinder

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Split tensile strength of

concrete specimens

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Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete

Stress versus strain curve for ordinary concrete

without and with inhibitor

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Stress versus strain for high performance

concrete without and with inhibitor

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REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

is a data management software, which is used

for analyzing the data. For this analysis,
minimum three variables are required for each
case to form a better equation. In the present
research, the variables are inhibitor
(potassium dichromate) with different
dosages, say, 0.25 to 1.0%, different concrete
ordinary and HPC mix ratio (mix = 1 and 2).

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Compressive Strength:
7 days:
fck (Cube) = 27.4 + 2.07 Dosage + 1.81 Mix
28 days:
fck (Cube) = 30.1 0.843 Dosage + 5.69 Mix
fck (Cylinder) = 24.9 1.08 Dosage + 5.28 Mix

Split Tensile Strength:

fck (Cylinder) = 2.60 + 0.116 Dosage + 0.568

Mix

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DURABILITY TEST
Water Absorption Test
ASTM C642 13
Cube size 100 x 100 x 100mm
Tested after 28 days
At a temperature 100 to 110o C
Cooled in room temperature

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Percentage of water absorption of

concrete cubes

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Acid Resistance Test

Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm.
After 28 days of curing, specimens were dried

out and weights (W1) were noted.

Solutions
prepared
with
various
concentrations of HCl (1% and 4%) and
H2SO4 (1% and 4%), and then the specimens
were immersed in solutions for 30 days.
The HPC with potassium dichromate inhibitor
has reduced weight loss compared to ordinary
concrete without and with inhibitor, as the
percentage of dosage increases in HCl and
H2SO4
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Acid Resistance Test Results

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Rapid Chloride Permeability

Test (RCPT) Test Results

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Rapid Chloride Permeability

Test (RCPT)
Penetration of chloride ions in terms of

coulombs is determined.
ASTM C1202 (2010).
Chloride ion permeability is very low and
negligible as the potassium dichromate
inhibitor provides better resistance to chloride
permeability in concrete.

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Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)

Results

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CORROSION TESTS
Open Circuit Potential
Impedance Test
Half-Cell Potential Test

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Open Circuit Potential

Concrete cube specimens of size 100 mm x 100 mm x

100 mm with 10 mm diameter steel rod up to a depth

of 70 mm
Cylinder specimens of size 100 mm x 200 mm with
10 mm diameter steel rod up to a depth of 120 mm.
Ordinary and HPC with different percentages of
inhibitor & normal concrete for this test.
Specimens were placed in the electrical analyzer, the
rebar was connected to Working Electrode (WE-1), and
the Reference Electrode (RE) and the Auxiliary
Electrode (AE) are directly connected to guard ring
placed over the specimen.
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Open Circuit Potential - Set

up

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Open Circuit Potential Measurements

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RESULT - as per the ASTM

B611(2005) standards.
The corrosion rate of
ordinary concrete without and with inhibitor

indicates
moderate to very low risk corrosion rate,

HPC without and with inhibitor indicates

very low to negligible corrosion rate.

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Impedance Test
Calculation of Corrosion Rate
Icorr B / R p
Corrosion rate = Icorro EW/dA
B = B is the SternGeary constant and Stern

Geary range is 10-30 mV;

Rp = polarization resistance;
E.W = equivalent weight of the corroding
species (g);
A = exposed surface area of the reinforcing
steel;
d = the density of the reinforcing steel (g/cm3
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AC impedance test result

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RESULTS - as per the ASTM CSA/S413 (1994) standards.

Corrosion rate of
ordinary concrete without and with inhibitor

indicates
moderate risk to low risk corrosion rate.

HPC without and with inhibitor indicates

medium risk to very low risk corrosion rate

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Half-Cell Potential Test Setup

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CONCLUSIONS
The cube and cylinder compressive strengths of HPC with

inhibitor were 10% 20% higher and 16.6% 20% higher,

respectively at 28 days when compared with ordinary concrete
with inhibitor, as the percentage of dosage increases.
The split tensile strength of HPC with inhibitor was 10% 21%

higher at 28 days when compared with ordinary concrete with

inhibitor, as the percentage of dosage increases.
The water absorption for HPC with inhibitor reduced by 27%

when compare with ordinary concrete with inhibitor.

The HPC with inhibitor shows better acid resistance (HCl and

H2SO4) at 7% 20% (measured in weight loss) in 1% and 4%

acid solution when compared with ordinary concrete with
inhibitor, as the percentage of dosage increases.

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C0ntd.....
The presence of chloride ion permeability is very low in HPC

with inhibitor (coulombs range: 293-299) when compared

with ordinary concrete with inhibitor (coulombs range: 13161510), as the percentage of dosage increases.
The voltage ratio of open circuit potential in ordinary

concrete with inhibitor indicates moderate to very low rate

when compared with HPC which indicates very low to
negligible rate, as the percentage of dosage increases.

The corrosion rate of AC impedance in ordinary concrete

with inhibitor indicates medium to low risk when compared

with HPC with inhibitor which indicates medium to very low
risk, as the percentage of dosage increases.

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REFERENCES
1. Burubai W and Dagogo G (2007), Comparative Study of Inhibitors

on the Corrosion of Mild Steel Reinforcement in Concrete, Agriculture

Engineering International: The CIGR E Journal, Manuscript BC 06008.

2. Loto A Omotosho O A and Popoola A P I (2011), Inhibition Effect of

Potassium Dichromate on the Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel

Reinforcement in Concrete, International Journal of the Physical
Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 2275-2284.

3. Omotosho O A, Okeniyi J O and Ajayi O O (2010), Performance

Evaluation of Potassium Dichromate Inhibitors on Concrete Steel

Rebar Corrosion, J. Fail.Anal. and Preven., Vol. 10, pp. 408-415,
Springer.
4. Palani B (2005), Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with High

Performance Ferro Cement Laminates, Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai

University.
5. IS: 456 (2000), Indian Standard of Plain and reinforced Concrete.

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THANK YOU

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