FLUID PROPERTIES

Chapter 2

CE319F: Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

Fluid Properties
Define characteristics of a specific fluid
Properties expressed by basic dimensions
length, mass (or force), time, temperature

Dimensions quantified by basic units

We will consider systems of units, important fluid properties
(not all), and the dimensions associated with those properties.
2

Systeme International (SI)

Length = meters (m)

Mass = kilograms (kg)
Time = second (s)
Force = Newton (N)
Force required to accelerate 1 kg @ 1 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s2
Weight of 1 kg at earths surface = W = mg = 1 kg (9.81 m/s 2) =
9.81 kg-m/s2 = 9.81 N

Temperature = Kelvin (oK)

273.15 oK = freezing point of water
oK = 273.15 + oC

Systme International (SI)

Work and energy = Joule (J)
J = N*m = kg-m/s2 * m = kg-m2/s2

Power = watt (W) = J/s

SI prefixes:
G = giga = 109
M = mega = 106
k = kilo = 103

c = centi = 10-2
m = milli = 10-3
= micro = 10-6

English (American) System

Length = foot (ft) = 0.3048 m

Mass = slug or lbm (1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 14.59 kg)
Time = second (s)
Force = pound-force (lbf)
Force required to accelerate 1 slug @ 1 ft/s2

Temperature = (oF or oR)

oRankine = oR = 460 + oF

Work or energy = ft-lbf

Power = ft-lbf/s

Banana Slug
Mascot of UC Santa Cruz

1 horsepower = 1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s = 746 W

Density
Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
Water water
Mercury Hg
Air

air

= 1,000 kg/m3 (62.4 lbm/ft3)

= 13,500 kg/m3
= 1.205 kg/m3

Densities of gases = strong f (T,p) = compressible

Densities of liquids are nearly constant
(incompressible) for constant temperature
Specific volume = 1/density = volume/mass
6

Example: Textbook Problem 2.8

Estimate the mass of 1 mi3 of air in slugs and kgs.

Assume air = 0.00237 slugs/ft3, the value at sea level for standard conditions

Example

A 5-L bottle of carbon tetrachloride is accidentally spilled onto a laboratory

floor. What is the mass of carbon tetrachloride that was spilled in lbm?

Specific Weight
g

[ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]

Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

water

= (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 9,790 N/m3
[= 62.4 lbf/ft3]

air

= (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 11.8 N/m3
[= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]
9

Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density of water @
4oC

SGliquid

Water
Mercury

liquid
liquid

water 1000 kg / m 3
SGwater = 1
SGHg = 13.55

Note: SG is dimensionless and independent of system of units

10

Example
The specific gravity of a fresh gasoline is 0.80. If the gasoline fills an
8 m3 tank on a transport truck, what is the weight of the gasoline in the
tank?

11

Ideal Gas Law (equation of state)

PV nRuT

P = absolute (actual) pressure (Pa = N/m2)

V = volume (m3)
n = # moles

n
P RuT
V

Ru = universal gas constant = 8.31 J/oK-mol

T = temperature (oK)

nM Ru
nM
P
T
RT RT
V M
V

R = gas-specific constant
R(air) = 287 J/kg-oK (show)

12

Example
Calculate the volume occupied by 1 mol of any ideal gas at a
pressure of 1 atm (101,000 Pa) and temperature of 20 oC.

13

Example
The molecular weight of air is approximately 29 g/mol. Use this
information to calculate the density of air near the earths surface
(pressure = 1 atm = 101,000 Pa) at 20 oC.

14

Example: Textbook Problem 2.4

Given: Natural gas stored in a spherical tank
Time 1: T1=10oC, p1=100 kPa
Time 2: T2=10oC, p2=200 kPa
Find: Ratio of mass at time 2 to that at time 1
Note: Ideal gas law (p is absolute pressure)

15

Viscosity

16

Some Simple Flows

Flow between a fixed and a moving plate
Fluid in contact with plate has same velocity as plate
(no slip condition)

u = x-direction component of velocity

Moving plate

u=V

V
B

u( y)

V
y
B

Fluid

Fixed plate

x
u=0
17

Some Simple Flows

Flow through a long, straight pipe
Fluid in contact with pipe wall has same velocity as wall
(no slip condition)
u = x-direction component of velocity

r
x

2
r
u (r ) V 1
R

Fluid
18

Fluid Deformation
Flow between a fixed and a moving plate
Force causes plate to move with velocity V
and the fluid deforms continuously.
y
Moving plate
t0

u=V

t1 t2
Fluid
Fixed plate

x
u=0
19

Fluid Deformation
For viscous fluid, shear stress is proportional
to deformation rate of the fluid (rate of strain)

L

y

L
t
V

Moving plate

t+t

t y

V
y

u=V+V

Fluid
Fixed plate

x
u=V
20

Viscosity

Proportionality constant = dynamic (absolute) viscosity

Newtons Law of Viscosity

dV / dy

Viscosity
Units

Water (@ 20oC):

= 1x10-3 N-s/m2

Air (@ 20oC): = 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2

Kinematic viscosity

dV
dy

V+d
v
V

N / m2 N s

m / s / m m2

Kinematic viscosity:

m2/s

1 poise = 0.1 N-s/m2

1 centipoise = 10-2 poise = 10-3 N-s/m2

21

Shear in Different Fluids

Shear-stress relations for different fluids

Newtonian fluids: linear relationship
Slope of line = coefficient of
proportionality) = viscosity

dV

dy
dV

dy
Shear thinning fluids (ex): toothpaste, architectural coatings;
Shear thickening fluids = water w/ a lot of particles, e.g., sewage
sludge; Bingham fluid = like solid at small shear, then liquid at
greater shear, e.g., flexible plastics

22

Effect of Temperature
Gases:
greater T = greater interaction
between molecules = greater
viscosity.

Liquids:
greater T = lower cohesive forces
between molecules = viscosity
down.

23

24

Typical Viscosity Equations

Gas:

Liquid:

To

Ce

To S
T S

T = Kelvin
S = Sutherlands constant
Air = 111 oK
+/- 2% for T = 170 1900 oK

C and b = empirical constants

25

Flow between 2 plates

Force is same on top
and bottom
F1 1 A1 2 A2 F2
A1 A2

1 2

du
du

2
dy 1
dy 2

Thus, slope of velocity

profile is constant and
velocity profile is a st. line

Moving plate

u=V

V
B

u( y)

V
y
B

Fluid

Fixed plate

Force acting
ON the plate
x
u=0
26

Flow between 2 plates

Shear stress anywhere
between plates

du
V

dy
B

0.1 N s / m 2 ( SAE 30 @ 38o C ) (0.1 N s / m 2 )( 3 m / s )

0.02 m
V 3 m/s
15 N / m 2
B 0.02 m

Moving plate
V
B

u( y)

V
y
B

u=V

Fixed plate

Shear
on fluid
x
u=0
27

Flow between 2 plates

2 different coordinate systems

r
x
y

2
r
u (r ) V 1
B

V
x

u( y) C y B y

28

Example: Textbook Problem 2.33

Suppose that glycerin is flowing (T = 20 oC) and that the pressure
gradient dp/dx = -1.6 kN/m3. What are the velocity and shear stress at a
distance of 12 mm from the wall if the space B between the walls is 5.0
cm? What are the shear stress and velocity at the wall? The velocity
distribution for viscous flow between stationary plates is

1 dp
u
By
2 dx

29

y2

30

Example: Textbook Problem 2.34

A laminar flow occurs between two horizontal parallel plates under a
pressure gradient dp/ds (p decreases in the positive s direction). The upper
plate moves left (negative) at velocity ut. The expression for local velocity
is shown below. Is the magnitude of the shear stress greater at the moving
plate (y = H) of at the stationary plate (y = 0)?

1 dp
y
Hy y 2 ut
2 ds
H

31

32

Elasticity (Compressibility)
If pressure acting on mass of fluid increases: fluid contracts
If pressure acting on mass of fluid decreases: fluid expands
Elasticity relates to amount of deformation for a given
change in pressure

dV Vdp

1
dV Vdp
Ev
Ev

Ev = bulk modulus of elasticity

dp
dp

dV
d
V

Small dV/V = large modulus of elasticity

How does second part of

equation come about?

33

Example: Textbook Problem 2.45

Given: Pressure of 2 MPa is
applied to a mass of water that
initially filled 1000-cm3
(1 liter) volume.

Find: Volume after the

pressure is applied.
Ev = 2.2x109 Pa (Table A.5)

34

Example
Based on the definition of Ev and the equation of state, derive an
equation for the modulus of elasticity of an ideal gas.

35

Surface Tension

Below surface, forces act equal in all

directions
At surface, some forces are missing, pulls
molecules down and together, like
membrane exerting tension on the surface

Interface

water

air
Net force
inward

Pressure increase is balanced by surface

tension,
No net force

surface tension = magnitude of

tension/length

= 0.073 N/m (water @ 20oC)

36

Surface Tension
Liquids have cohesion and adhesion, both involving molecular
interactions
Cohesion: enables liquid to resist tensile stress
Adhesion: enables liquid to adhere to other bodies

Capillarity = property of exerting forces on fluids by fine tubes

or porous media

due to cohesion and adhesion

If adhesion > cohesion, liquid wets solid surfaces at rises
If adhesion < cohesion, liquid surface depresses at pt of contact
water rises in glass tube (angle = 0o)
mercury depresses in glass tube (angle = 130-140 o)

See attached information

37

Example: Capillary Rise

Given: Water @ 20oC, d = 1.6 mm
Find: Height of water
F

38

Example: Textbook Problem 2.51

Find: Maximum capillary
rise between two vertical
glass plates 1 mm apart.

39

Examples of Surface Tension

40

Example: Textbook Problem 2.48

Given: Spherical soap bubble, inside
radius r, film thickness t, and surface
tension .
Find: Formula for pressure in the
bubble relative to that outside.
Pressure for a bubble with a 4-mm
radius?
Should be soap bubble

41

Vapor Pressure (Pvp)

Vapor pressure of a pure liquid = equilibrium partial pressure of the gas

molecules of that species above a flat surface of the pure liquid
Concept on board
Very strong function of temperature (Pvp up as T up)
Very important parameter of liquids (highly variable see attached page)

When vapor pressure exceeds total air pressure applied at surface, the liquid
will boil.
Pressure at which a liquid will boil for a given temperature
At 10 oC, vapor pressure of water = 0.012 atm = 1200 Pa
If reduce pressure to this value can get boiling of water (can lead to cavitation)

If Pvp > 1 atm compound = gas

If Pvp < 1 atm compound = liquid or solid

42

Example

The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 25 oC is 10.6 Pa. What is the

corresponding mass concentration of naphthalene in mg/m3? (Hint:
you can treat naphthalene vapor as an ideal gas).

43

Vapor Pressure (Pvp) - continued

Vapor Press. vs. Temp.
120

Vapro Pressure (kPa)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Temperature (oC)

Vapor pressure of water (and other liquids) is a strong function of temperature.

44

Vapor Pressure (Pvp) - continued

Pvp,H2O = Pexp(13.3185a 1.9760a2 0.6445a3 0.1299a4)
P = 101,325 Pa

a = 1 (373.15/T)

T = oK

valid to +/- 0.1% accuracy for T in range of -50 to 140 oC

RH 100% x

PH 2O
Pvp , H 2O

Equation for relative humidity of air = percentage to which air is saturated with water vapor.
What is affect of RH on drying of building materials, and why? Implications?

45

Example: Relative Humidity

The relative humidity of air in a room is 80% at 25 oC.
(a) What is the concentration of water vapor in air on a volume percent
basis?
(b) If the air contacts a cold surface, water may condense (see effects on
attached page). What temperature is required to cause water
condensation?

46

47

Saturation Vapor Pressure

48

49