Topics

History
Definitions
Properties at a point
Molecular Transport of Momentum
Convective Momentum Transport

History
In old ages, the fluids (mainly liquids) were easily

moved from one vessel to another literally by a

bucket brigade approach.
However, after a time both the increasing
complexity of the processes and the desire for
higher production levels made it necessary for
industry to find ways to rapidly and efficiently
transport large quantities of fluids.
This need led to the sophisticated and complicated
fluid transportation systems in place in todays
chemical and petroleum process industries. These
system are characterized by miles of piping,
complicated fittings, pumps, compressors, turbines,
and other fluid machinery devices.

Definitions
Fluid: as a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of a shear

stress.
Then when a fluid is at rest, there can be no

shear stress

Concept of a continuum
Fluids,

like matter , are composed of

molecules whose numbers stagger the
imagination.

In a cubic inch of air at room conditions there

are some 1020 molecules. Any theory to

predict the individual motions of this many
molecules would be extremely complex, far
beyond out present abilities

Concept of a continuum
(Cont.)
Most engineering work is concerned with the
macroscopic or bulk behavior of a fluid
rather than with the microscopic or
molecular behavior.
In most cases is convenient to think as a
continuous distribution of matter or a
continuum.
Validity of this concept is seem to be
dependent upon the type of information
desired rather than the nature of the fluid.

Definitions
Steady state flow physical properties of the

fluid does not change.

Unsteady state flow the properties change
with time in any point of the system

Definitions
Uniform flow when the velocity at any

point, across transversal section in the

direction that motion occurs is constant. In
other words when the velocity vector are
parallel and preserved their intensity
Non uniform when the velocity vectors
are not parallel and did not maintain their
intensity constant. Example: The flow
fluid through a tube of constant diameter is
uniform, but the flow through a tube of
variable diameter (conic form) is not
uniform.

Properties At a Point
Density: It is defined as the mass per unit

volume. Under flow conditions, particularly in

gases, the density may vary greatly
throughout the fluid.
The density, , at a particular point in the
fluid is defined as
m

lim

V V

Where m: mass contained in the volume V

V is the smallest volume.

Properties At a Point
(Cont.)
Stress:
Consider the force F acting on an element

A of the body shown in the figure.

The force F is resolved into components
normal and parallel to the surface of the
element.
The force per unit area or stress at a point is
defined as the limit of F/A as AA

Force on an element of
fluid
F

Fn
lim
ii
A A A
Fs
lim
ij
A A A

Fn

Fs

Where ii is called the normal stress and

ij is the shear stress (Flux tensor)

Molecular Transport
Momentum

The buildup of the steady, laminar velocity

profile for a fluid contained between two
plates.
Each of the plates have an area A, separated
by a distance Y.
In the space lets consider there is a fluid (gas
or liquid).

Build-up to the steady-state

laminar velocity profile

t<0

vx(y,t)

Small t

vx(y)
t=0

Large t

In this Figure 1:
First: The system is at rest, but a time t= 0
Second: At t= 0 the lower plate is set in

motion in the direction at a constant velocity

Third: At time proceeds (Small t), the fluid
gain momentum
Fourth: Ultimately the linear steady-state
velocity profile shown in the figure is
established.

At state-steady motion, a constant force F

is required to maintain the motion of the

lower plate.
F
V
(1)

The force is proportional to the area and to

the velocity and inversely proportional to

the distance between plates.
Where F/A is
, which is the force in the
direction x per unit area perpendicular to
the y direction.
It is the force exerted by the fluid of lesser
y on the fluid of greater y, therefore V/Y
can be replaced by dvx/dy.

The equation can also be written as

yx

dvx

(2)
dy

Newtons Law of viscosity

Where:

: viscosity of fluid, (Pa.s)

yx : Flux tensor (shear stress) in the

positive y direction , [(N/m2)= Pa]

vx: velocity in x direction, (m/s)
y: distance, (m)

Generalization of Newtons
Law
of
viscosity

The equation (2) was defined only in terms of

a simple steady state shearing flowing in
which vx as a function of y alone, and vy and vz
are zero.
This situation is not really so common.
Usually the system is composed by a flow in
which the three velocity components may
depend on all three coordinates and possible
on time.

Consider
A general flow pattern in which the velocity
shows in various directions depends on the
time.
The velocity components are given by

vx vx ( x, y, z, t );

v y v y ( x, y, z, t ),
vz v2 ( x, y, z, t )
There will be then, 9 stress components (where i

and j may be taken on the designations (x, y, z),

instead of the component that appears in
yx
ij
equation (2)

Pressure and viscous forces acting

on planes
z
x, y, z

The volume element can be cut to each of

three coordinates in turn.

Find the forces that have been exerted on that
surface by the fluid that was removed.
There will be two forces that contribute
Associated with the pressure
Associated with the viscous forces

Pressure force
Always perpendicular to the exposed surface

For example in x direction the force will be a vector

px that is the pressure (a scalar) multiplied by the
unit vector x in the x direction. Similarly for the
other sections.

Pressure forces will be exerted when the fluid is

stationary as well as when it is in motion

Viscous forces
They exist only when there are velocity

gradients within the fluid.

They are neither perpendicular nor

parallel
to the surface element, rather at some
angle to the surface.
Those forces represent in the Figure are
vectors with scalar components.
x

For example,

xx , xy , xz
has components

Pressure and Viscous

Forces acting on planes

py

px

pz

For convenient a new variable is defined that

include both

ij p ij ij
Where ij is the kronecher delta, which is 1 if i

= j and zero if i j.

Two Ways to Interpret the

definition
ij p ij ij
force in the j direction on a unit area to the

i direction, where it is understood that the

fluid in the region of lesser xi is exerting
the force on the fluid of a greater xi.
flux of j-momentum in the positive (+) i
direction, It is understood that is, from the
region of lesser xi to that of greater xi.

Generalizing Newtons Law

(Equation 2)
How are the stresses related to the velocity

gradients in the fluid?

Restrictions

The viscous stresses may be linear

combinations of all velocity gradients

ij k l ijkl
1,2,3

k
xl

where i, j, k and l may be

Time derivatives or time integrals should not

appear in the expression.

Convective Momentum
Transport
The momentum can be transported by bulk

flow of the fluid. This process is called

convective transport. Use the same figure on
three planes
The fluid vector at the centre is v
The volume rate of flow across the area in the
first figure is vx. The fluid carries with it
momentum v per unit volume.
Hence the momentum flux across this area is
then vxv (vectors)

Convective

momentum fluxes
through planes of
unit area
perpendicular to
the coordinates
direction

pvyv

pvxv

pvzv

THANK YOU