Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending

Fourth Edition
CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Pure Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beer Johnston DeWolf
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several Material
s
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Example 4.03
Sample Problem 4.4
Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Plane of S...
Residual Stresses
Example 4.05, 4.06
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.07
Sample Problem 4.8
Unsymmetric Bending
Example 4.08
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2
Fourth
Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
4-3
Fourth
Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
4-4
Fourth
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M
4-5
Fourth
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
4-6
Fourth
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L y
L L y y
y
y
x
(strain varies linearly)

L
c
c
m
or
m
y
x m
c
4-7
Fourth
Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
x E x E m
c
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c
For static equilibrium,

y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
c
0 m y dA
c
First moment with respect to neutral

plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the
section centroid.
For static equilibrium,

y
M y x dA y m dA
c
I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
Mc M
m
I
S
y
Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
I
4-8
Fourth
Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
I
S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
3
1
I 12 bh
S
16 bh3 16 Ah
c
h2
Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
4-9
Fourth
Properties of American Standard Shapes
4 - 10
Fourth
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 m m
1 Mc
c
Ec Ec I
M
EI
Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y x
z x
Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane
curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature
4 - 11
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y
yA
A
I x I A d 2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
m
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E =
165 GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Mc
I
Calculate the curvature

1 M
EI
4 - 12
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2
1 20 90 1800
2 40 30 1200
A 3000
y , mm
50
20
yA, mm3
90 103
24 103
3
yA 114 10
yA 114 10
Y
38 mm
3000
A
121 bh3 A d 2
1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12
12
I x I A d 2
I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4

4 - 13
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A
I
868 109 m 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B
I
868 109 m 4
A 76.0 MPa
B 131.3 MPa
Calculate the curvature

1 M
EI
3 kN m
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4
1
20.95 103 m -1
47.7 m
4 - 14
Fourth
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
x
Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

1 E1 x
E1 y
2 E2 x
E2 y
Neutral axis does not pass through

section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey
E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2 dA 2 dA
My
I
1 x
Define a transformed section such that

2 n x
dF2
nE1 y dA E1 y n dA
E
n 2
E1
4 - 15
Fourth
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties
of the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
Determine the maximum stress in the

steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
4 - 16
Fourth
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n
1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3 1 2.25 in. 3 in. 3
I 12
T
12
5.063 in.4
Calculate the maximum stresses

m
Mc 40 kip in.1.5 in.
11.85 ksi
4
I
5.063 in.
b max m
s max n m 1.933 11.85 ksi
b max 11.85 ksi

s max 22.9 ksi
4 - 17
Fourth

Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2
2
n As x n As d 0
The normal stress in the concrete and steel

x
My
I
c x
s n x
4 - 18
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
Evaluate geometric properties of
transformed section.
Calculate the maximum stresses
in the concrete and steel.
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with
5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
4 - 19
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n
8.06
Ec 3.6 106 psi
2
nAs 8.06 2 4 85 in 4.95 in 2
Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
x
4.95 4 x 0
2
12 x
x 1.450 in
I 13 12 in 1.45 in 3 4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2 44.4 in 4
Calculate the maximum stresses.

c
Mc1 40 kip in 1.45 in
I
44.4 in 4
s n
Mc2
40 kip in 2.55 in
8.06
I
44.4 in 4
c 1.306 ksi
s 18.52 ksi
4 - 20
Fourth
Stress concentrations may occur:

in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
m K
Mc
I
in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
4 - 21
Fourth
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m
c
strain varies linearly across the

section
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
and
My
I
For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,

the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx x dA 0
M y x dA
For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stressstrain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
4 - 22
Fourth
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found
from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
RB
MU c
I
RB may be used to determine MU of any member

made of the same material and with the same
cross sectional shape but different dimensions.
4 - 23
Fourth

Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
I
x Y
m Y
I
M Y Y maximum elastic moment
c
If the moment is increased beyond the maximum

elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
M
3M
2 Y
yY2
1
1 3 2
yY elastic core half - thickness
In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
M p 32 M Y plastic moment
Mp
k
shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY
4 - 24
Fourth
Plastic Deformations of Members With a

Single Plane of Symmetry
Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.
The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass
through the section centroid.
Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary
compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 R2
A1 Y A2 Y
The neutral axis divides the section into equal

areas.
The plastic moment for the member,
M p 12 A Y d
4 - 25
Fourth
Residual Stresses
Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
Since the linear relation between normal stress
and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.
Residual stresses are obtained by applying the
principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).
The final value of stress at a point will not, in
general, be zero.
4 - 26
Fourth
Example 4.05, 4.06

A member of uniform rectangular cross section is
subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.
4 - 27
Fourth
Example 4.05, 4.06

Thickness of elastic core:
M
3M
2 Y
yY2
1
1 3 2
36.8 kN m
yY
yY
0.666
c
60 mm
Maximum elastic moment:

I 2 2
3 bc
c
2
3
50 103 m60 103 m 2
120 10 6 m3
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
28.8 kN m
3 28.8 kN m
2
yY2
1
1 3 2
c
2 yY 80 mm
Radius of curvature:
Y 240 106 Pa
Y
E
200 109 Pa
1.2 103
y
Y Y
yY 40 103 m
Y
1.2 103
33.3 m
4 - 28
Fourth
Example 4.05, 4.06
M = 36.8 kN-m
yY 40 mm
Y 240 MPa
M = -36.8 kN-m
Mc 36.8 kN m
I
120 106 m3
306.7 MPa 2 Y
M=0
At the edge of the elastic core,
x 35.5 106 Pa
x
E
200 109 Pa
177.5 10 6
yY
40 103 m
x 177.5 10 6
225 m
4 - 29
Fourth
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending
Eccentric loading
FP
M Pd
P My
A I
Validity requires stresses below proportional

limit, deformations have negligible effect on
geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.
4 - 30
Fourth
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
Superpose the uniform stress due to
the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
An open-link chain is obtained by

bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 160 lb load,
determine (a) maximum tensile and
compressive stresses, (b) distance
between section centroid and neutral
axis
Evaluate the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
superposed stress distribution.
Find the neutral axis by
determining the location where the
normal stress is zero.
4 - 31
Fourth
Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 0.25 in 2
0.1963 in 2
P
160 lb
0
A 0.1963 in 2
815 psi
Equivalent centric load

and bending moment
Normal stress due to

bending moment
P 160 lb
M Pd 160 lb 0.65 in
104 lb in
I 14 c 4 14 0.25 4
3.068 103 in 4
Mc 104 lb in 0.25 in
I
3.068 103 in 4
8475 psi
4 - 32
Fourth
Example 4.07
Maximum tensile and compressive

stresses
t 0 m
815 8475
c 0 m
815 8475
t 9260 psi
c 7660 psi
Neutral axis location

0
P My0
A
I
P I
3.068 103 in 4
y0
815 psi
AM
105 lb in
y0 0.0240 in
4 - 33
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.8

The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
From Sample Problem 4.2,
A 3 103 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868 109 m 4
Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

tensile and compressive stresses.
The largest allowable load is the smallest
of the two critical loads.
4 - 34
Fourth
Sample Problem 4.8

Determine equivalent centric and bending loads.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment
Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads
0.028 P 0.022 377 P

P Mc A
P
A
I
3 103
868 109
0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
P Mc A
P
B
A
I
3 103
868 109
A
Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A 377 P 30 MPa
P 79.6 kN
B 1559 P 120 MPa P 77.0 kN
The largest allowable load

P 77.0 kN
4 - 35
Fourth
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple.
Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
In general, the neutral axis of the section
will not coincide with the axis of the couple.
4 - 36
Fourth
Unsymmetric Bending
0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
Wish to determine the conditions under

which the neutral axis of a cross section
of arbitrary shape coincides with the
axis of the couple as shown.
The resultant force and moment
from the distribution of
elementary forces in the section
must satisfy
Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple
M M z y m dA
I
or M m
c
y
c
I I z moment of inertia
defines stress distribution

0 M y z x dA z m dA
y
c
or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis
4 - 37
Fourth
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Superpose the component stress distributions

x
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
Along the neutral axis,

x 0
tan
M cos y M sin y
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
Iz
Iy
y Iz
tan
z Iy
4 - 38
Fourth
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mz y M yz
x
Iz
Iy
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a

rectangular wooden beam in a plane
Determine the angle of the neutral
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
axis.
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum
y Iz
tan
tan
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
4 - 39
Fourth
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 1600 lb in cos 30 1386 lb in
M y 1600 lb in sin 30 800 lb in
1 1.5 in 3.5 in 3 5.359 in 4
I z 12
1 3.5 in 1.5 in 3 0.9844 in 4
I y 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y 1386 lb in 1.75 in
452.6 psi
4
Iz
5.359 in
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
M yz
Iy
800 lb in 0.75 in 609.5 psi

0.9844 in 4
The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
max 1 2 452.6 609.5
max 1062 psi

4 - 40
Fourth
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Iz
5.359 in 4
tan
tan
tan 30
4
Iy
0.9844 in
3.143
72.4o
4 - 41
Fourth
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force
M y Pa
M z Pb
By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x
A
Iz
Iy
If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
My
Mz
P
y
z
Iz
Iy
A
4 - 42

Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending

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Fourth Edition

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Other Loading Types

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Due to Bending

(strain varies linearly)

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress Due to Bending

For static equilibrium,

First moment with respect to neutral

For static equilibrium,

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Beam Section Properties

A beam section with a larger section modulus

Between two beams with the same cross

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Properties of American Standard Shapes

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

Expansion above the neutral surface and

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

Calculate the curvature

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

Calculate the curvature

165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

Neutral axis does not pass through

Define a transformed section such that

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the maximum stress in the

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc 40 kip in.1.5 in.

b max 11.85 ksi

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Reinforced Concrete Beams