Industrial

Electronics

Industrial Electronics
Industrial Electronics is the branch of
electronics that deals with the design,
development and application of
electronic devices, circuits, and systems
that drive the industry.

Thyristors

SCR Silicon Controlled

Rectifier

Silicon Controlled Rectifier

a switching device for
high-voltage and highcurrent operations
conducts in one
direction
The terminals are:
Anode
Cathode
Gate

Equivalent
Circuit

Boylestad & Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

, 10th Edition

Characteristics

Basic Operation
To switch on an SCR:
Forward bias the anodecathode terminals (VF)
Apply sufficient gate voltage
(Vgate) and gate current (IGT)

Once an SCR is switched on,

it remains latched on, even
the
gate (Isignal
isminimum required current from
when
Holding
current
)
is
the
H
removed
anode to cathode (I ) in order the SCR will continue to
A

conduct
Reverse breakdown voltage is the maximum reverse bias

SCR Package

www.dhgate.com

www.tradenote.net

SCR Waveforms
Firing Angle the angle, in degrees, when the
SCR turns on
Conduction Angle the number of degrees that
the SCR is on
V
V
Firing Delay Angle the time the SCR is off
before it turns on
Note: The
firing delay angle and conduction angle
V
V
always total 180
AK

load

AK

load

Typical Gate Triggering Circuits

Resistive Circuit

Firing delay angle only up to 90

R1
3.0k
R2
V1
120V
60 Hz
0Deg

R1
3.0k

R3
56

50K _LIN
40%
Key =A
D1
2N3669

120V_100W
V1
120 V
60 Hz
0Deg

50K _LIN
Key =A 40%
D2
1N4009
D1
2N3669
R3
15k

Improved SCR Gate Control Circuits

Provide greater range of adjustment of the FDA
R1

R1

120V_100W

120V_100W
V1
120V
60 Hz
0Deg

R2
60%
R3
C1

D2

V1
120 V
60 Hz
D1
2N3669 0Deg

R2
60%
R3

D2
1N4009

1N4009

C1

C2

D1
2N3669

Fullwave Rectified Power Control Circuit

Fullwave Rectified Power Control Circuit

2N3670

2N3670

2N3670

2N3670

220V
60Hz
0Deg
51

Fullwave Unrectified Power Control Circuit

2N3670

220 V
60Hz
0Deg

2N3670

51

Sample Problem
Assume the supply
is 115 Vrms, IGT =
15mA, and R1 = 3
k and RL = 40.
The firing delay is
desired to be 90
degrees. To what
value should the R2
be adjusted?

R1
3.0k
R2
V1
120 V
60 Hz
0Deg

R3
56

50K _LIN
40%
Key =A
D1
2N3669

Shockley Diode

Shockley Diode
a two terminal (namely anode and
cathode) semiconductor switching device

functions like a normal diode without any

trigger inputs, in reverse biased condition,
no current flows through it and in forward
biased condition current flows through it
when the voltage across it is more than
the break over voltage of it
has only two states, either ON or OFF

Basic Construction and Symbol

http://www.electronicshub.org/pnpn-diode-or-shockley-diode/

Basic Operation & Characteristics

operated in a forward bias

condition
: Shockley diode acts like an
open switch
: Shockley diode acts like a
closed switch
Holding Current, : the
minimum amount anode
current in order the 4-layer
diode will continue to
conduct (on state)

Thomas Floyd, Electronic Devices 9th editi

Application:
Relaxation Oscillator

Shockley Diode used

as Trigger Switch

http://www.electronicshub.org/pnpn-diode-or-shockley-diode
Thomas Floyd, Electronic Devices 9th edition

UJT Unijunction
Transistor

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

a breakover type
switching device
very useful in many
industrial circuits,
such as gate control
circuit for SCRs and
TRIACs, timers,
oscillators, and
waveform generators

UJT Equivalent

Circuit
interbase

resistance

The intrinsic
standoff ratio

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

UJT Equivalent
Circuit

Conduction
through the
emitter terminal
begins when the
emitter voltage
reaches the

firing
potential,
given as

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Current versus Voltage Characteristics

When

the emitter to
base 1 voltage rises to
the peak voltage and a
small emitter current
starts to flow, the UJT
break back to a smaller
voltage (Valley voltage)
between the emitter and
base 1 terminals

UJT Negative Resistance Region

After a UJT fires,
emitter voltage
decreases as
emitter current
increases.
The negative
resistance region
of operation is
defined by the
peak point (VP)

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Using a UJT to trigger an SCR

The UJT is commonly
used as a triggering
device for other
breakover devices,
like the
The
SCRSCR.
shown is
triggered when the UJT
emitter circuit
As the capacitor charges, VE increases. When it
conducts.
reaches VP, the UJT fires. The voltage developed
across R2 triggers the SCR.
Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, 10th Edition

Using a UJT to trigger an SCR

The VE and VR2 waveforms for the SCR
triggering circuit are shown.

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

PUT Programmable
Unijunction Transistor

PUTProgrammable UJT

Has

almost the same operating

characteristics as a standard UJT
and used in similar applications
A PUT is a four layer pnpn
device with gate connected
directly to the sandwitched ntype layer
The term programmable is
applied because , , and can be
controlled through the resistors

PUTProgrammable UJT
Characteristics
a PUT is more like an SCR
has a negative resistance
region
operated between the on
and off states
The gate voltage required
to turn the PUT on is
determined by external
components, and not by
specifications of the
device as in the value

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices

and Circuit Theory, 10th Edition

PROGRAMMABLE UJT BIASING

Q1
2N6027

PUT Firing Potential

The

firing potential (VP) or voltage

necessary to fire the device is given by;

Note: represents the voltage drop

Since: then;

PUT as Relaxation
Oscillator

10V

16k

270k

2K
_LIN 70%
Key =A

Q1
2N6027
3.6nF

47

27k

DIAC

DIAC

a two-terminal four-layer
semiconductor device
(thyristor) that can
conduct current in either
direction when activated
once breakover occurs,
current is in a direction
depending on the polarity
of the voltage across the
terminals

DIAC

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Characteristic Curve

Equivalent
Circuit

DIAC
also known as bidirectional Trigger Diode
or Symmetrical Trigger Diode
Applications:
1.Trigger circuit for the Triac
2.Proximity sensor circuit

DIAC Waveform
XSC1

R1
200K _LIN
Key =A 30%

G
T
A

V1
120V
60 Hz
0Deg

D1
1N5758

TRIAC

TRIAC
a three terminal device used to control the average
current flow to a load
can conduct current in either direction when turned ON
like a diac with a gate terminal which can be turned on
by a pulse of gate current and does not require the
breakover voltage to initiate conduction, as does the
diac
can be thought of simply as two SCRs connected in
parallel and in opposite directions with a common gate
terminal

TRIAC
when fired by the gate or by exceeding the breakover

voltage, a triac conducts in both directions

(open switch) when the triac is turned OFF, no current
can flow between the main terminals no matter what the
polarity of the external applied voltage
(closed switch) when the triac is turned ON, there is a
very low resistance current flow path from one terminal
to the other

Application: AC power control circuit

TRIAC

Basic
Construction

Symbol

D1
2N5572

Boylestad & Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

10th Edition

TRIAC Characteristic Curve

Thomas Floyd, Electronic Devices 9th edition

Bilateral Operation of a TRIAC

Thomas Floyd, Electronic Devices 9th edition

Thomas Floyd, Electronic Devices 9th edition

Simple Gate
Control Circuit

R1

V1
120V
60 Hz
0Deg

100

R3

2.2k
R2
50K _LIN
65%
Key =A
D2
1N5758

C1
2.2uF-POL

D1

2N5445

Improved Gate Control Circuit

Provides a wider range of adjustment of firing delay
100
10k
V1
115V
60Hz
0Deg

200K _LIN
Key =A 60%

D1
2N5572

33k
C1
0.22uF-POL

100
C2
0.22uF-POL

SILICON CONTROLLED
SWITCH (SCS)

ENGR. MJ. VILLANUEVA, ECE

SCSSilicon-Controlled Switch
An SCS is like an SCR,
except that it has two
gates: a cathode gate
and an anode gate.
Note: The anode gate
requires higher voltages
than the cathode gate.
Applications
Pulse generator,
Voltage sensor
Alarm circuits

Pin Identification
Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory, 10th Edition

SCSSilicon-Controlled Switch
Either gate can fire the
SCS
A positive pulse or
voltage on the cathode
gate
A negative pulse or
voltage on the anode
gate
Either gate can switch off
the SCS
A negative pulse or
voltage on the Cathode

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

GTO Gate Turn Off

Switch

ENGR. MJ. VILLANUEVA, ECE

GTOGate Turn-Off Switch

GTOs are similar to
SCRs, except that the
gate can turn the GTO
on and off.
It conducts only in one
direction.

Applications
Counters
Pulse generators
Oscillators
Voltage regulators

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

LASCR Light
Activated SCR

ENGR. MJ. VILLANUEVA, ECE

LASCRLight-Activated SCR
The LASCR is an SCR
that is fired by a light
beam striking the gatecathode junction or by
applying a gate
Applications
voltage.
Optical light controls
Relays
Phase control
Motor control
Computer applications
Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Phototransistor &
Optoisolator

The Phototransistor
The phototransistor is a
light-controlled transistor.
The current through the
collector and emitter
circuits is controlled by the
input at the
base.
light
The collector
current
is the
product of the transistor
current gain (hfe) and the
light induced base current
(I).

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Phototransistor IC Package

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

Opto-Isolators
Photodiode

Photo-Darlington

Photo-SCR

Boylestad & Nashelsky , Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory, 10th Edition

SBS Silicon Bilateral

Switch

Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)

SBSis a breakover device which is capable of
triggering triacs, and it is popular in low-voltage
trigger control circuits
SBS have breakover voltages lower than those for
diacs, 8 V being the most popular rating
V-I characteristic curve of an SBS is similar to that of
the diac, but it has more pronounced negative
resistance region i.e., its decline in voltage is more
drastic after it enters the conducting state
When SBS switches into conducting state the voltage
across its anode terminals drops almost to zero (to
about 1 V)

SBS Symbol & Characteristics

http://www.circuitstoday.com/silicon-bilateral-switch
http://www.circuitstoday.com/silicon-bilateral-switch

Input Transducers

ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS
Devices which convert the value of a
controlled variable into an electrical
signal are called electrical transducers
Physical variables include: position,
speed, acceleration, force, power,
pressure, flow rate, temperature, light
intensity, and humidity

POTENTIOMETER
an electrical
transducer that is
attached to
mechanical sensor to
convert a mechanical
motion into an
electrical variation
parts include: resistive
element and a
movable contact called

wiper
shaft

shaft
wiper

Electrical
Terminals

Electrical
Terminals

Potentiometer Used in Measuring Circuits

Voltage Divider

AC or
DC
voltage
source

Bridge Circuit

Wiper moves in
conjunction with
Measured variable

VOUT

AC or
DC
Voltage
Source

R3

R1

VOUT
R2

R4

Linear Variable Differential

Transformer (LVDT)

LVDTs are used to measure mechanical

displacement and gives an ac output voltage
signal which is proportional to the displacement
Consists of one primary winding and two
secondary winding all wrapped on the same form
and contains a magnetic core which is free to slide
inside the form
The difference between the two secondary winding
voltages is proportional to the core displacement

Linear Variable Differential

Transformer (LVDT)Seconda Input Primar
ry
Winding
1

Voltag
e

y
Windi
ng

Seconda
ry
Winding
2

Vout

Primar
y
Winding Windi Winding
Voltage
Voltage
ng
1
2

Schematic Drawing

Physical Construction
Maloney, Timothy J., Modern Industrial Electronics, 4th Edition, Pearson Prentice
Hall

LVDT Output Voltage Waveforms

Core at the
center, Vout is
zero

Core moves down,

Core moves up,
Vout is out of phase
Vout is in phase w/
V Pearson Prentice
Vin Timothy J., Modern Industrial Electronics, 4w/
Maloney,
Edition, in
th

Hall

RTD Resistive Temperature Detector

A temperature measuring device
that uses a pure metal wire (nickel,
copper, platinum) with positive
temperature coefficient or resistance
The resistance of an RTD varies
directly with temperature:
As temperature increases,
resistance increases
As temperature decreases,
resistance decreases
RTD Internal Constructi
Preferable when the expected

Thermistor

A temperature
measurement device that
uses metallic oxides that is
formed into shapes which
resemble small bulbs or
Utilize the resistance change as their
small capacitors

www.linkedin.com

thermalcomponents.com.au

temperature changes

With large negative temperature

coefficients and are non constant
Preferable when the expected
temperature band is narrow (-150oF to
+800oF)

physics.taskermilward.org.uk

Thermocouple
An industrial temperature
measurement transducer consists
of a pair of dissimilar metal wires
joined together in a complete loop
forming two junctions:
Cold junction: subjected to a low
temperature
Hot junction: subjected to a high
temperature
A small net voltage is produced in
the loop and this is proportional to

www.aliexpress.com

www.sterlingsensors.co.uk

Optical Pyrometer
A temperature

transducer used in
high temperatures
and when contact
type temperature
sensors are
impractical ( high
temperature about )

Knob for
Adjusting
Current
Through
Internal
Operator
Filament
s Eyecup

Light
Radiated by
Hot Body

Focusing
and
Filtering
Two Side by Side
Lens
Slits for Viewing the
Hot Bodys Radiation
and Internal Filaments
Radiation
Maloney, Timothy J., Modern
Industrial Electronics, 4 Edition, Pearson Prentice
th

Hall

Optical Pyrometer
Knob for
Adjusting
Current
Through
Internal
Operator
Filament
s Eyecup

Light
Radiated by
Hot Body

Focusing
and
Filtering
Two Side by Side
Lens
Slits for Viewing the
Hot Bodys Radiation
and Internal Filaments
Radiation
Maloney, Timothy J., Modern
Industrial Electronics, 4 Edition, Pearson Prentice
th

Hall