INVESTAGOTARY

PROJECT
PHYSICS

Submitted to - Mr. Arbind Kumar Singh

Submitted By - Abhishek Kumar
Class - XII A
Roll No.-
INDEX

1) INTRODUCTION
2) LOGIC (BASIC)
GATES
3) THE OR GATE
4) THE AND GATE
5) THE NOR GATE
6) THE NAND GATE
7) BIBLIOGRAPHY

This is tocertify that Abhishek Kumar

of class XII has satisfactorily completed
the Project on LOGIC GATES under
the guidance of Mr. Arbind Kumar
Singh during the session 2016-17
towards partial fulfilment of credit for
the Physics practical evaluation of
CBSE 2015, and Submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following
pages, under my supervision.

Mr. Kunwar Jee Sinha MR.

Arbind Kumar Singh
(PRINCIPLE )
(PGT
PHYSICS)
 The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
opportunity to express
my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who
helped me in the completion of this project.

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses

of gratitude to my Physics teacher,
Mr. Arbind Kumar Singh for his valuable support,
constant help and guidance at each and every stage,
without which this project would not have come forth.

I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal,

Mr. Kunwar Jee Sinha, for his immense encouragement
that has made this project successful.

I would also like to thank my friends and family for

encouraging me during the course of this project.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for
giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.
 Actually the term logic is applied to digital
circuits used to implement logic functions.
Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the
basic elements that form the building blocks
for such complex digital system as the
computer.
The lines connected to each symbols are the
inputs and outputs.
The inputs are on the left of each symbol
and the output is on the right.

A circuit that performs a specific logic

operation (AND, OR) is called a logic gate.
 A gate is defined as a digital circuit
which follows some logical
relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit
which either allows a signal to pass
through as stop, it is called a gate.
Thelogic gates are building blocks at
digital electronics.They are used in
digital electronics to change on
voltage level (input voltage) into
another (output voltage) according to
some logical statement relating
them.
A logic gate may have one or more
inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the
possible values of input and output
voltage is expressed in the form of a
table called truth table or table of
combinations
 Truth tableof aLogic Gatesis a table
that shows all the input and output
possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a
different kind of algebra based on
binary nature at the logic, this
algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA.
A logical statement can have only
two values, such as HIGH/LOW,
ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING
etc. The two values of logic
statements one denoted by the
binary number 1 and 0. The binary
number 1 is used to denote the high
value. The logical statements that
logic gates follow are called
Boolean expressions.
 An AND gate can have two or more inputs
and performs what is know as multiplication.
The output of AND gate is high when all
inputs are high otherwise all outputs are low.
THE AND GATE is a device that combines A
with B to give Y as the result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and
one output. The logic gate of
AND gate with A and B input and Y
output is shown below:
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign
(either x or.) is referred as the AND
The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.
 An AND gate produces a HIGH output only when all of the inputs are HIGH. When
any of the inputs is LOW, the output is LOW. Therefore, the basic purpose of AND
gate is to determine when certain conditions are simultaneously true, as
indicated by High levels on all of its inputs, and produces a High on its output.

Logical Symbol Truth Table

Inputs Output

A B X

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
 OR gate can have two or more inputs and
performs what is known as logical addition.
The output of OR gate is Low when all inputs are
low, otherwise all outputs are high

The following interference can be easily drawn

from the working of electrical circuit is:
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow
(A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b)If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
 An OR gate produces a High on the output
when any of the inputs is High. The output is
Low only when all of the inputs are Low.
Therefore, an OR gate determines when one
or more of its inputs are High and produces
a High on its output.

Truth Table
Logical Symbol
Inputs Output

A B X

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
 The NAND gate is the one of the popular logic
element because it can be used as a universal
gate; that is NAND gate can be used in
combination to perform the AND, OR, and
inverter operations.
NAND Gate is constructed by attaching NOT Gate
at the output of AND Gate, hence NAND Gate is
called NOT- AND Gate.
NAND Gate has two or more input and only one
output.
The output of NAND gate is low when all inputs
are high, otherwise all outputs are high.
 A NAND gate produces a Low output only when all the
inputs are High. When any of the inputs is Low, the
output will be High.

Logical Symbol Truth Table

Inputs Output

A B X

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
 The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, NOR gate is
also useful logical element because it can also be
used as a universal gate.
NOR gate can be used in combination to perform
the AND, OR and Inverter operations.
NOR Gate is the combination of NOT gate at the
output of OR gate, hence NOR gate is type of
NOT-OR gate.
NOR gate has two or more input and only one
output.
The Output of NOR gate is high when all inputs
are low otherwise the output is low.
 A NOR gate produces a Low output when any of
its inputs is high. Only when all of its inputs are
low is the output high.

Logical Symbol Truth Table

Inputs Output

A B X

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0
 Encarta Encyclopaedia.
Britannica
Encyclopaedia.
www.wikipedia.com.
www.answers.com.
www.google.co.in.
NCERT TEXTBOOK
PHYSICS