Huawei Training

Huawei GSM Radio Network Optimization
By Muhammad Junaid
Topics
CELL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
HUAWEI HANDOVER ALGORITHM
HUAWEI POWER CONTROL
GSM BSS COMMUNICATION FLOW

CELL PARAMETERS
OVERVIEW
Introduction to Cell Parameters
Huawei GSM cell parameters:
Network Identity Parameters

Idle Mode Parameters
Call Control Parameters
Cell Selection and Reselection Parameters
Other Parameters
Network Identity Parameters
Network identity parameters mainly include:
Cell Global Identity (CGI)
Once MS receives SYS INFO, it decodes the CGI

information, and decides whether it can stay in the cell
according to the MCC and MNC indicated by CGI
CGI=MCC+MNC+LAC+CI
Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)
In GSM system, each BTS is allocated with a color code,

which is called BSIC. MS can identify two cells with the
same BCCH by the help of BSIC.
BSIC=NCC+BCC
Idle Mode Parameters
ATT
CCCH Conf
BS_AG_BLKS_RES
BS_PA_MFRAMES
Paging Times
Period of Periodic Location Update(T3212)
Neighbor Cell Description (BA Table)
ATT
Value Range: Yes, No

Default Value Yes
Description: It is Attach-detach allowed. It is used to inform
MS whether IMSI attach-detach is allowed in this cell. If it is
set to Yes, the network will not process the connection to
the called mobile subscriber when MS is power-off. Thus
network processing time and radio resources are saved.
Otherwise the network will process the connection even
though the MS has been powered off.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle Mode/Basic Idle Parameters
CCCH Conf
Value Range: 1 Compounding CCCH , 1 Non-Compounding
CCCH, 2 Non-Compounding CCCHs, 3 Non-compounding
CCCHs, 4 Non-compounding CCCHs.
Default Value: When there is one TRX in the cell, one
combined CCCH is recommended (in a system with few
paging messages in location area). For others, it is
configured according to the number of TRX in the cell.
Description: It is Common Control Channel Configuration.
CCCH configuration determines the capacity of PCH, AGCH
and RACH. This parameter can be automatically configured
by system according to the TRX channel configuration.
BS_AG_BLKS_RES
Value Range: 0~7 (Non-Compounding CCCHs), 0~2 (1

combined CCCH)
Unit: Block
Default Value: 2 (Non-combined CCCH), 1(1 combined CCCH)
Description: It is also called Access Granted Blocks Reserved.
It is the number of CCCH channel message blocks that are
reserved in one multi-frame for access granted channels
(AGCH).
BS_PA_MFRAMES
Value Range: 2~9

Unit: Multi-frame period (51 frames)
Default Value: 2 Multi-frame period
Description: It is Paging Channel Multi-frames. It defines the
number of multi-frames used as a cycle of paging sub-
channels.
Paging Times
Value Range:1~8
Unit: Times
Default Value: 4
Description: This parameter is used for BTS to determine
whether paging is resent. Together with the paging times
configured in MSC, they jointly control the paging resend times.
The total paging times are approximate to be the multiplication
of the two.
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Basic Call Control
Parameters
Period of Periodic Location Update
(T3212)
Value Range: 0~255

Unit: 6 minutes
Default Value: 20
Description: It is the Periodic Location Update Timer. It defines
the interval of periodic location update.
Neighbor Cell Description (BA Table)
There are table BA1 and table BA2.
Table BA1 describes BCCH frequencies of the adjacent cells

to be measured when the MS is in idle mode.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle Mode/Advanced
Table BA2 describes BCCH frequencies of the adjacent cells

to be measured when the MS is in dedicated mode.
Location: Cell Attributes/Handover data/Advanced
Call Control Parameters
MS MAX Retrans Common Access Control

Class
TX-integer
Special Access Control
RACH Min. Access Level
Class
NCC Allowed
MBR
RLT
ECSC
SACCH Multi-Frames
Emergent Call Disable
MS MAX Retrans
Value Range: 1, 2, 4, 7
Unit: Time(s)
Default Value: 4 Times
Description: It is one of the random access control
parameters. MS MAX Retrans is the upper limit of times that
MS is allowed to send Channel Request in one immediate
assignment procedure.
Parameters
TX-integer
Value Range: 3~12, 14, 16,

20, 25, 32, 50
Unit: RACH Timeslot (equals
to a TDMA frame, 4.615ms)
Default Value: 32
Description: Used to
calculate the number of
timeslots in the interval
between multiple channel
requests sent by MS.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle
Mode/Basic Idle Parameters
RACH Min. Access Level
Value Range: -121~-47

Unit: dbm
Default Value: -115
Description: The parameter affects the access of an MS. That is
to say, the BTS determines the threshold of the level for the
random access of the MS. When the receive level of the RACH
burst is lower than the threshold, the BTS regards this access as
an invalid access and no decoding is performed. Only when the
receive level for the burst timeslot of the random access is
greater than the threshold, the BTS regards that this timeslot has
an access request.
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Advanced/Access Control
Radio Link Timeout
Value Range: 4~64, the step size is 4

Unit: SACCH period (480ms)
Default Value: 52
Description: This parameter is used for MS to decide
downlink disconnection in case of SACCH decoding failures.
Parameters
SACCH Multi-Frames
Value Range: 0~63
Unit: SACCH period (480ms)
Default Value: 31
Description: It is a timer used to determine whether the uplink radio link
connection fails. BSS judges the uplink radio link failure according to uplink
SACCH BER.
Every time BTS fails to decode the MR sent from MS, this timer decreases by
1;
Every time BTS succeeds to decode the MR, this timer increases by 2.
When this timer reaches 0, BTS judges that the uplink radio connection fails,
then BTS sends a radio connection failure message to BSC.
This parameter and the radio link timeout (RLT) are used to judge the
uplink/downlink radio connection failure.
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Basic Call Control Parameters
NCC Permitted
Value Range: Selection of 0~7 Perm.

Default Value: 11111111
Description: Network Color Code. It lists NCC that need
be measured by MS. If a neighbor cells NCC is
permitted, MS will report MRs of it to the network.
Common Access Control Class
Value Range: Level 0~9 Forbidden

Default Value: 0000000000
Description: One of the parameters of random access
control information. It is used for load control of
ordinary subscribers, to permit or forbid the network
access of some common level users. 1 stands for
forbidden and 0 for permitted.
Parameters
MBR
Value Range: 0~3

Default Value: 0
Description: Multi-Band Reporting. It is used to inform MS
to report the adjacent cells in a controllable way.
Parameters
ECSC
Default Value: No
Description: Early Classmark Sending Control. It indicates
if an MS in the cell is allowed to use early Classmark
sending.
Yes: The MS reports Classmark3 to the network immediately after link
setup.
No: The MS is forbidden to report its Classmark3 to network initiatively.

Parameters
Emergent Call Disable

Default Value: No
Description: Emergence Call Disable. When EC Disable is set
to No, it means emergency call is permitted. Otherwise it
is prohibited.
Parameters
Cell Selection/Reselection Parameters
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH
CBQ (Cell_Bar_Qualify)
CBA (Cell_Bar_Access)
CRO (Cell Reselection Offset)
TO (Temporary Offset)
PT (Penalty Time)
PI (Cell Reselect Parameters Indication)
CRH ( Cell Reselection Hysteresis)
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
Value Range: 0~63 (-110 dBm ~ -47 dBm)
Default Value: 8
Description: It means the minimum receive signal level
required for MS to access a cell.
Location: Cell Attributes
Cell Selection Criteria:

C1=RLA_C-RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN-
MAX((MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - P), 0)
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH
Value Range: 0~19

Unit: level
Default Value: 5 (900MHz cell),0 (1800/1900MHz cell)
Description: This parameter determines the maximum
transmit power level of the MS when it begins to
access a cell and has not yet received power control
command.
Location: Cell Attributes/Other
Attributes/Advanced/Public Channel Control
CBA
Value Range: 0, 1
Default Value: 0
Description: Cell_Bar_Access, worked together with CBQ
to set the priority status of the cell in idle mode for cell
selection and reselection.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle Mode/Basic Idle
Parameters
CBQ
Value Range: 0 , 1
Default Value: 0
Description: Cell_Bar_Qualify. CBQ only affects the cell selection, but
is not related to cell reselection. It works with CBA to define the
access priorities of cells.
Application of CBA & CBQ
Cell
Cell Reselection
CBA CBQ Selection
Priority Priority
0 0 Normal Normal
1 0 Forbidden Forbidden
0 1 Low Normal
1 1 Low Normal
Cell Reselection: CRO
C2=C1+CRO-TO*H(PT-T) When PT is not equal to 31
C2=C1-CRO When PT is equal to 31
For neighbor cell: For serving cell:

H(PT-T)=0, when PT-T<0 H(PT-T) = 0
H(PT-T)=1, when PT-T 0
CRO:
Value Range: 0~63( the corresponding level value: 0~126dB,

stepped every 2dB).
Unit: 2dB
Default Value: 0
Description: Cell Reselect Offset. It is a parameter in C2 calculation
to give an intentional modification in MS cell reselection.
TO & PT
Value Range: 0~7 (the corresponding value is 0~60dB, 7
corresponds to Infinite).
Default Value: 0
Description: Cell Reselect Temporary Offset. It is a parameter
in C2 criterion to give a temporary modification within PT time.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle Mode/Advanced/Idle Parameter
Value Range: 0~31(the corresponding time is 20~620s), 31(reserved for

changing the effect of CRO on C2)
Unit: Second
Default Value: 0
Description: Cell Reselect Penalty Time. It is used to ensure the safety and
validity of cell reselection because it helps to avoid frequent cell reselection.
Location: Cell Attributes/Idle Mode/Advanced/Idle Parameter
PI & CRH
Value Range: Yes , No
Default Value: Yes
Description: Cell Reselect Parameters Indication, sent on the broadcast
channel of the cell. It is an indication to the existence of Cell Reselect
Offset(CRO), Temporary Offset(TO) and Penalty Time(PT).
Value Range: 0~14, the step size is 2dB

Unit: dB
Default Value: 6
Description: Cell Reselection Hysteresis. It is the parameter used when
cell reselection happens between two location areas.
Other Parameters
Call Reestablishment Forbidden PWRC

TCH Immediate Assignment Cell Extension Type
Immediate Assignment Optimization Max TA
Direct Retry Interference Band Threshold
Assignment Cell Load Judge Enable Interference Calculation Period
Cell Direct Try Forbidden Threshold UL DTX
Directed Retry Load Access Threshold DL DTX
Min Power Level for Direct Try T200 and N200
Max Resend Times of Phy. Info. Use LAPDm N200
T3105
Call Reestablishment Forbidden &
TCH Immediate Assignment
Default Value: Yes
Description: Informing MS whether call reestablishment is allowed or
not.

Default Value : No
Description: Option "Yes" means that TCH channel can be
immediately assigned as signaling and traffic channel when SDCCH
has no available resource. The option "No" means that only SDCCH
can be assigned.
Immediate Assignment Optimization
Default Value : No
Description: This parameter is mainly used for satellite transmission, i.e., to
reduce the impact of satellite transmission delay.
Yes: when the Transmission Mode of the BTS is Satellite transmission
No: when the Transmission Mode of the BTS is Terrestrial transmission
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Advanced/Call Control
Direct Retry & Cell DR Forbidden
Threshold
Default Value : Yes
Description: This parameter indicates the whether the directed retry on
the TCH is allowed. If this parameter is set to Yes, the handover
procedure is used and the MS is handed over to the neighboring cell.
Value Range: 0~63 (-110dBm~-47dBm)

Default Value :16
Description: This parameter indicates the selection of candidate cell for
direct try. If the receiving level of the cell exceeds the value of this
parameter, this cell can be selected as candidate target cells.
Location: Cell Attributes/ Handover Data/Advanced/HO Control
Assignment Cell Load Judge Enable
Value Range: Enable, Disable

Default Value: Disable
Description: When the Assignment Cell Load Judge Enabled is set to
Yes, the direct try flow is allowed if the following two conditions are met:
The cell supports the direct retry function.
The load of the cell is larger than or equal to the Cell Direct
Try Forbidden Threshold.
Parameters
Directed Retry Load Access Threshold
Value Range: 0~100(%)

Unit: None
Default Value : 85
Description: This parameter is used to adjust the candidate target
cells during direct retry.
When target cells are selected during direct retry, only the cells whose
loads are smaller than or equal to the Directed Retry Load Access
Threshold are selected as candidate target cells.
Parameters
Min Power Level for Direct Try &
Max Resend Times of Phy. Info.
Value Range: 0~63 (-110dBm~-47dBm)
Default Value :16
Description: This parameter indicates the selection of candidate cell for
direct try. If the receiving level of the cell exceeds the value of this
parameter, this cell can be selected as candidate target cells.
Location: Cell Attributes/ Handover Data/Advanced/HO Control
Range Value :1~255

Unit: Times
Default Value :30
Description: This parameter specifies the maximum times Ny1 for re-sending
physical information.
If the number of resending times exceeds Ny1 and BTS still has not
received any correct SAMB frame from MS, BTS will send BSC the
connection failure message and handover failure message.
After BSC receives the messages, it will release the newly assigned
dedicated channel and stop timer T3105.
Location: Cell Attributes/Handover Data/Advanced/Cell HO Data
T3105
Range Value : 0~255

Unit: 10ms
Default Value : 7
Description: When BTS sends physical information to the MS,
the BTS starts the timer T3105. If the timer T3105 times out
before receive the SAMB frame from MS, BTS re-sends
physical information to MS and restarts the timer T3105.
Location: Cell Attributes/Handover Data/Advanced/Cell HO
Data
PWRC & Cell Extension Type
Value range: Yes, No.
Default Value: Yes
Description: It is used to indicate MS whether to delete received level
value obtained from the timeslots of BCCH when MS measures receiving
level during base band hopping mode.
When it is set to No, it means the influence of receiving level on
BCCH is in consideration.
If it is set to Yes, process it in the way mentioned above.
Location: Cell Attributes/Other Attributes/Advanced/Public Channel
Control
Value Range: Normal cell, Double TS Ext cell

Default Value: Configure this parameter according to the practical
situation.
Description: It indicates whether a cell is an extended cell and the
extended cell mode.
Max TA
Value Range:
0~63 (Normal cell)
0~255 (Double TS Ext cell)
Unit: Bit period (1 bit = 0.55km)
Default Value
62 for normal cell
219 for dual TS extended cell
Description: Maximum Time Advance. It determines the actual
coverage area of BTS. When BTS receives the channel request
message, it determines whether channel assignment should take
place in the current cell by comparing the TA with the value of this
parameter.
Interference Band Threshold 0~5
Value Range: 110~85
Unit: -dBm
Default Values
110 ( Interference band threshold 0)
98 ( Interference band threshold 2 )
Description: It decides the corresponding value for each interference band
(from band 0 to band 5) and used to measure the uplink interference
during the SDCCH/TCH(F)/TCH(H) timeslot is in idle mode.
Location: Cell Attributes/Other Attributes/Advanced/Other Parameters
Interference Calculation Period
Value range: 1~31

Unit: SACCH period (480 ms)
Default Values: 20
Description: Before the BTS transmits the radio resource indication
message to the BSC, the interference levels measured on idle channels in
the period defined by this parameter are averaged. The average
interference level is used to classify the interference levels on idle
channels into five interference bands. A too big value of this parameter
cannot reflect the change of interference. A too small value of this
parameter wastes the resources.
Location: Cell Attributes/Other Attributes/Advanced/Other Parameters
UL DTX & DL DTX
Value Range: May use, Shall use, Shall not use
Default Value: Shall use
Description: It is used to indicate whether MS uses DTX function. It
shows the DTX state of the MS in the previous measurement period.
Value range: Yes, No

Default Value: Yes
Description: This parameter indicates whether downlink DTX is used in a
cell. The use of downlink DTX is also controlled by the DTX switch in the
MSC. If downlink DTX is forbidden in the MSC, downlink DTX is not used
regardless of the setting of this parameter. If downlink DTX is allowed in
the MSC, the setting of this parameter can determine whether downlink
DTX is used in the cell.
T200 and N200
T200 :
T200 timers are used to avoid deadlock during data transfer on the data
link layer.
On the LAPDm layer, every time a message is sent, the opposite end is
requested to acknowledge the reception. If this message is lost for
unknown reasons, it will occur that both ends keep waiting, leading to
system deadlock.
Therefore, a timer should be started when the sender sends a message. If
the timer times out, the sender will regard that the receiver has not
received the message and will resend the message.
N200
The maximum resend times are determined by N200.
Different timer values should be set for different LAPDm channels such as
SDCCH, FACCH and SACCH. This is because these channels have different
transmission rate.
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Advanced/Timer
Use LAPDm N200
Range: Yes, No
Default Value : No
Description: Determines whether BSC delivers LAPDm N200
parameters to BTS. If it configured as Yes, then LPADm N200
parameters will be delivered to BTS, otherwise not.
Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Advanced/Timer
HUAWEI HANDOVER
ALGORITHM
Classification by Reason
No DL MR Emergency
HO
1 Emergency HO Timing Advance (TA)
HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Classificati
2
Bad Quality (BQ) HO
on by
Load HO
Reason 3
EDGE HO
PBGT HO
4 Normal HO Layer HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Concentric Cell HO
AMR HO
Classification by Synchronization
MSC NSS Network MSC
BSC BSC BSC
BTS
BTS
CELL BTS BTS BTS
Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Case 1 Case 5
Synchronous Handover: the target BTS shall not send PHY INFO message
Asynchronous Handover: the target BTS shall send PHY INFO message
Classification by Equipment and Channel
Intra Cell HO ( HRFR)
Inter Cell HO TCH TCH
Intra BSC HO
SDCCH SDCCH
Intra MSC HO
SDCCH TCH
(Direct Retry)
Inter MSC HO
General HO Process in Huawei
MS Goes into Dedicated
Mode
1 Measure and Measurement Result Report
2 Measurement Report Preprocessing
3 Handover Judgment
4 Handover Implementation
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

Measure and Measurement Report
Result
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink receiving
quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving levels from the
neighbor cells.
Period of Measurement Report

The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
480ms 4 TCH Multi-

frames
12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

MR Preprocessing
Interpolation Filtering
Recover the lost Smooth the
measurement report instantaneous fading
point
MR Preprocessing
MR Interpolation
ow
MR Fl
n ti n uou s

Co MR
MR
MR
No. n+4
MR
MR
No. n Missing by
some reasons
MR Filtering

R Flow MR
us M MR
o n tinuo MR
C
MR
MR
MR
Filter----Average several
consecutive MRs
Related Parameters
MR Preprocessing]
Default Value: No
This parameter indicates whether the BTS pre-processes the MR. This parameter determines the location where power
control is performed. If this parameter is set to Yes, power control is performed by the BTS. Otherwise, the power control is
performed by the BSC.
[Transfer Original MR]

Default Value: No
Description: This parameter indicates whether the original MR is transferred to the BSC after the BTS pre processes
the MR. When the parameter is set to Yes, the BTS transfers to the BSC both the processed MR and the original MR.
[Transfer BS/MS Power Class]

Default Value: Yes
Description: This parameter indicates whether the original BS/MS power class is transferred to the BSC.
[Allowed MR Number Lost]

Value Range: 0~31
Default Value: 4
Description: This parameter indicates the number of MRs allowed to be lost in succession. When this threshold is not reached, the
lost MR is estimated via the linear interpolation basing on the first and the last MRs received. When this threshold is reached, all
previous MRs are discarded, and calculations are made again when new MRs are received .
General HO Process
MS Goes into Penalty Processing
Dedicated Mode
Ranking Processing Enhanced Dual Band HO
1 Measure and Measurement OM Forced HO

Result Report Load HO
Normal HO
Direct Retry
2 MR. Preprocessing Edge HO
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO MS Fast Moving HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO
Interference HO PBGT HO
4 Handover Implementation
Rx_Level_Drop HO Concentric Cell HO

MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode Bad Quality HO AMR HO
Penalty Processing
Punish on
the target
Emergency
cell HO Fails (TA&BQ)HO
Punish on
AMR HO the original
Fails cell
Penalty MS Fast
Moving
HO
Concentric Punish on other

Intra-cell Cell HO high priority
HO layer cells
Penalty for Handover Failure
Punish the target cell when a HO fails.

This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next
HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO Fail
BTS
BSC
Cell B
Penalty for Emergency Handover
Punish the original cell when an emergency HO ( due

to BQ and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ&TA HO
BSC
Cell B
Penalty for MS Fast-moving Handover
Giving penalty on the other three layers(Non-umbrella Layer )

after MS handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO.
This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent
HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty for Concentric Cell
A new concentric cell HO is prohibited within a penalty

time after a concentric cell HO failure.
Do not attempt
again after N
failed HO(U-
>O)!
Overlaid Do not attempt

again during
penalty time after
Underlaid one failed HO(O-
>U)!
Penalty for Enhanced Concentric Cell
A new UO HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a
OU HO is performed successfully.
Overlaid
Do not
attempt back
Underlaid too fast!
Penalty for Intra-cell HO
A new intra-cell HO is prohibited if it occurs too
frequently.
Intra-cell
HO Time
4th.
3rd.
2nd.
1st.
Penalty time
0 3 7 12 32 T (s)
Max. consecutive HO times: 3

Forbidden time after Max. times: 20s
Interval for consecutive HO Jud: 6s
Ranking Processing
Basic ranking Network feature adjustment
M rule 16 bits ranking

K rule
The ranking result: target cell selection of handover

M Rule
Begin
Yes
Finish to all End
neighbor cells?
No
No An BSC external neighboring Yes No No Delete the cell from
Direct retry? [Inter-BSC SDCCH HO
cell& the current channel is Allowed] is Yes? the cell list?
SDCCH ?
Yes
Yes
? If the cell flow is overload

Yes
No
RX_LEV_DL(n) < [Min DL Power Yes Delete this cell from

on HO Candidate Cell](n)+
the cell list
[Min Access Level Offset](s)?
No For service cell:

Min Access Level Offset=0 M rule will remove the
RX_LEV_UL(n) < [Min UP Power on HO Yes neighbor
Candidate Cell](s)+
[Min Access Level Offset](s)?
cells from the candidate cell
list
No
according to the flow.
K Rule
Flow of calculating K value.
Cell B
Begin Cell A Cell C
Cell F Serving Cell Cell D

Yes
Finish to calculate Cell E
value K to all cells? End
No
Yes No
Serving cell? E
Receiving
K = RX_LEV (n) RX_LEV Level
K=0 A
(s) Servin
g F C
Cell D B
Cel
l
All the candidate cells are ranked in descending order according to the K value
Network Feature Adjustment
After network feature adjustment, all the candidate cells have their own 16
bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the handover priority and position of the
cell are in the candidate cell list, then it is possible to be the candidate cell.
No DL MR HO
When the quality of Um interface

become worse and worse, it is
for the worse uplink quality that
MS can not deliver downlink MR,
while the downlink quality is not
bad enough for MS to receive the
downlink message normally.
Bad
uplink
quality
Serving Cell
No DL MR HO
Begin
UL_Qua. (after filering)
>=[No Dl Mr.Ul Qual
No HO Limit]?
Is [No Dl Mr. HO
Allowed] Yes ? Yes
Yes Only one No
Yes
cadidate cell?
No
Report 1 DL MR at lease?
No
Yes Is serving cell?
Select the candidate cell
No Yes with the highest priority,
<=[Cons.No Dl Mr. No
Ho Allowed Limit]? [Intrecell exluding serving cell
HOAllowed]?
Yes Yes
No
>= signal quality No >=[Forbidden time
filter length? after MAX Times]?
Yes Yes
No No Dl Mr. in Trigger
current Mr.? No DL Mr. HO
Yes
End
TA(Time Advance) HO
Handover
Triggering
TA(s) TA(n)
Handover Triggering Zone
TA Threshold(n)
TA Threshold(s)
or
Time
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell

TA HO
Begin
No Is [TA HO Allowed] Select the cell with the

Yes ? highest priority in the
Yes cadidate cell list
No The actual TA >= Yes

End Is serving cell?
[TA Threshold]?
No
Yes
Yes
No TA(n is in the same BTS)
Any neighbour cell <=[TA Threshold](s)?
exist? No
Yes
No
Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
TA handover
Interference Handover
RX_Lev
Handover Triggering
Zone
Lev_Thr
Qual_Thr Rx_Qual
Interference
Origin

Interference Handover
Begin
Select the cell with the

No Is [Interference HO highest priority in the
Allowed] Yes ? cadidate cell list
Yes
Yes No
Is serving cell?
No UL or DL receiving
End
Quality(s)>=A?
No Rx_Level(n)>=
Yes No
[Intracell HO Allowed] yes [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) +
& cell not punished? [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](n)?
No
Any neighbour cell
exist? Yes Yes
Yes
No Any suitable cell
None AMR FR: exist?
A = RXQUALn, 1<=n<=12 Yes
AMR FR: Trigger
A = RXQUAL1, n=1; interference handover
A = RXQUALn + RXLEVoff,
2<=n<=12
Data Configuration of Interference HO
Receiving Level(-110dBm) Receiving Quality

Parameter
RXQUAL1 <=30 70
RXQUAL2 =31 60
RXQUAL3 32~35 59
RXQUAL4 36~38 58
RXQUAL5 39~41 57
RXQUAL6 42~45 40
RXQUAL7 46~48 55
RXQUAL8 49~52 54
RXQUAL9 53~55 53
RXQUAL10 56~58 52
RXQUAL11 59~62 51
RXQUAL12 >=63 50
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Begin
No [Rx_Level_Drop HO Select the cell with the

Allowed] Yes ? highest priority in the
Yes cadidate cell list
Satisfy the Formula&

No The lastest RX_LEV_UL(s) < Yes No
End [Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold]?
Is serving cell?
No
End Priority is higher than
Yes
serving cell?
No
Any neighbour cell Yes
exist? Trigger
Yes Rx_Level_Drop handover
A1 10 X 1 A2 10 X 2 A3 10 X 3 A4 10 X 4
Formula:
A5 10 X 5 A6 10 X 6 A7 10 X 7 A8 10 X 8 B
BQ(Bad Quality) HO
Begin
No
Is [BQ HO Allowed]
Yes ? Select the cell with the
highest priority in the
Yes
cadidate cell list
No UL_Rx_Q(s)>=[UL Qual.
End Threshold] or DL_Rx_Q(s) Yes No
>=[DL Qual. Threshold]? Is serving cell?
RX_LEV_DL (n) >

Yes No RX_LEV_DL (s) No
[Intracell HO Allowed] yes + Inter-cell HO
No & cell not punished? hysteresis(s)
Any neighbour cell -BQ HO Margin(s) ?
exist? Yes Yes
Yes
No Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
BQ handover
Enhanced dual band cell is two different band cells which

locate a common site, and have the same azimuth.
Purpose
During the procedure of channel assignment and handover, 900M
cell and 1800M cell can share their resource.
Assign the channel with low load in UL to MS preferentially.
Make MS handover from the high load cell to the low load cell.
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual
Band HO
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in UL)
Begin
from UL
No Yes
[Assignment Optimization
of UL Subcell Allowed
or not] ?
No Cell load of UL > Yes
[UL Subcell General
Overload Threshold(%)]?
Yes
No
A
Assign TCH in UL
or direct retry No Any idle TCH Yes
identification
Available in OL?
or queuing
Assign TCH
in OL
RX_LEV_OL>= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] and
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Attention:
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and
layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is
-110dBm
If [ATCBHoSwitch] is [Close], the second condition is turn off.
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual
Band HO
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in OL)
Begin
from OL
No Yes
[Assignment Optimization
of OL Subcell Allowed or
not ] No ?
Yes Cell load of UL<

No
[UL Subcell Lower
Load Threshold]?
Assign TCH
in UL Yes Any idle TCH No
Available in OL?
Assign TCH
in OL
Assign TCH in OL No Any idle TCH Yes
or direct retry identification Available in UL?
or queuing
Assign TCH
in UL
There are three kinds of handover for enhanced dual band network:
OL to UL for moving
UL to OL for high load in UL
OL to UL for low load in UL
Begin OL to UL for moving

Yes
No
A End
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N?
Generally, Object cell maybe UL
Yes or other neighbor cell is
Select Neighbor cell
with the highest priority
Trigger
OL to UL
RX_LEV_OL <[Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] or

A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL
Subcells(dB)]
Enhanced Dual Band HO(OU)
OL to UL for low load in UL
[Load HO From UL Subcell No
Begin to OL Subcell Allowed] End
Yes ?
Yes
Refresh cell load Yes Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell No

per second Serious Overload Threshold(%)]?
B-C B
No Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell

General Overload Threshold(%)]? Adjust HO zone basing
on HO step and HO
Yes period
No A & Satisfy P/N & Yes No

not within penalty time? Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
B=[UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
C=[Modified Step Length of UL Load HO Trigger
Period(s)] UL to OL
HO step: [Step Length of UL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
HO zone: [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)]~-47dBm
HO Period: [UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
RX_LEV_OL >= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] and
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) > [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Enhanced Dual Band HO(UO )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low

load in UL
Begin
End
[Load HO of OL Subcell No
to UL Subcell Enable] Yes ?
Confirm:
Yes HO zone and HO step
Refresh cell load
No
per second Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
No Cell load of UL <[UL Subcell The object cell must be
Lower Load Threshold(%)]? Trigger OL to UL
the underlaid subcell
and satisfy condition A
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N?
Yes
HO zone: [Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)] ~ -47dBm

HO step: [Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
A: RX_LEV_UL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis
Load Handover
Handover triggering zone
Load of Serving Cell Load of Neighboring Cell
Load HO Threshold
Load Req. on Candidate Cell
Time
Normal Cell Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Load Handover
As load HO may trigger several HOs, we need to consider

the CPU load (system flow level) before triggering it. In
addition, load HO is executed step by step, that is, the
edge HO thresh. raises according to certain step and
period and will stop when out of the Load HO Zone.
Load HO zone Normal HO border
Cell A Cell B
Load HO bandwidth
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Offset Edge HO threshold
CONF_HO_RXLEV
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Ramp
Load HO step level
Load Handover
Begin
Select the cell with the highest
No Is [Load HO priority in the cadidate cell list
Allowed]
Yes ?
Yes
Yes
Is serving cell?
Current system flux<=
End [System Flux Threshold No
No for Load HO]? Yes No
Yes BSC internal cell?
No No
No Load of service cell C&D C
>=
[Load HO Threshold]?
Yes Yes
Yes
No No Yes Trigger
Load HO timer End Suitable cell
T begin? exist? load handover
Star timer Yes
T
No Yes B: [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV
Load HO timer Threshod]<DL_RX_Lev(s)
T overflow? < [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod]+A
Caculate A= Caculate A= C: RX_LEV (n)>= [Inter-layer HO Threshold]
T +
[Load HO
( 1) Step Bandwidth] [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]
Period
D: load(n)< Load Req. on Candidate Cell
Step: [Load HO Step Level]
No Yes
B Period: [Load HO Step Period]
[Load HO Bandwidth]
Step A [Load HO Bandwidth] 0 T ( 1) Period
Step
EDGE Handover
Handover
RX_Lev Triggering
RX_LEV Thr
Time
P/N
P: Watch Time
N: Valid Time

EDGE Handover
Begin
No
Is [Fringe HO Allowed]
Select cell(n) whose 16 bit value is
Yes ?
Yes higher than serving cell and
whose level satifys P/N rule(n)
Yes Refresh basing on A
UL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO
UL RX_LEV Threshod]? its timer
No No
Any neighbor cell?
Yes
Satisfy P/N rule(s)? Yes
No
Trigger
DL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO Yes Refresh Edge handover
DL RX_LEV Threshod]? its timer
No
No
End Satisfy P/N rule(s)? A: DL_Rx_Lev(n)>
Yes DL_Rx_Lev(s)+[Inter-cell HO
Hysteresis]
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Handover
Time Triggering
Time
Threshold
1 1 2 3 Cells Number
P/N
P: Watch Cells
N: Valid Cells
Umbrella Cell
Micro Cell
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Begin
No Is [MS Fast Moving HO

Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Yes Is the target cell
the serving cell?
No
Yes Is the serving Refresh timer(s)

cell on layer 4?
No
End
Yes Is the best neighbor No
cell is the last
original cell?
No Yes Select the neighbor cell with the highest priority &
Satisfy P / N rule? on the 4th layer & satisfy RX_LEV(n)>= Inter-
layer
HO threshold(n) + Inter-layer HO hysterisis(n)
No Yes
Any cell satisfy the Trigger MS fast-
condition above? moving handover
LAYER HANDOVER
GSM900 Cell
Lay 3
GSM1800 Cell
Lay 2
The goal of layer handover is to control the destination cell of

handover more flexibly, make a MS hand over to the most
reasonable
LAYER HANDOVER
Begin
Is [Level HO No
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
No
Any neighbor cell exit? End
Yes
No
16 bit valu(n)< Identify the next cell
16 bit value(s)l?
Yes
A & ( layer(n)< No
layer(s)
or level(n)<level(s) )?
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N rule(n)?
Yes
Trigger A: RX_LEV(n)>= Inter-layer HO
threshold(n)
layer handover
+ Inter-layer HO hysterisis(n)
PBGT Handover
Handover
Triggering
Path Loss (dB)
PBGT HO 5
Threshold
Time
P/N
P: Watch Time
N: Valid Time
126-
119=7dB>5dB
126dB 119dB

PBGT Handover
Is [PBGT HO No
Begin
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Is current channel Yes
End
signal channel?
No
Search next
neighborcell
No
No Satisfy P / N rule?
layer(n)=layer(s)&
level(n)=level(s)? Yes
Yes
Trigger
No PBGT HO
Path loss (s) Path loss (n)
>PBGT HO Threshold
Yes
Refresh
timer(s)
Concentric Cell Concentric Cell
Purposes
Maximize coverage area
Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construction methods
Different combiner loss
Different propagation loss
Modify the transmission power of TRX, the down tilt of
antennas, etc.
By HO parameters
Overlaid
Underlaid
Classification and HO Judgment of
Concentric Cell
Normal concentric
Enhance concentric
cell
cell Receiving level
Receiving level
Time advance
Time advance
Quality
Quality
ATCB
Cell load of
underlaid
Concentric Cell VS Enhanced
Concentric Cell
Division of underlaid and overlaid is Division of underlaid and overlaid
decided by MS downlink receive is decided by MS downlink receive
level ,TA value and quality. level, quality, TA value and cell
load of underlaid.
underlaid underlaid
Receiving Level Threshold U to O HO Receiving Level Thr
Receiving Level Hysteresis O to U HO Receiving Level Hyste
Receiving Qaulityl Receiving Qaulityl

Threshold Threshold
TA Threshold TA Threshold
overlaid overlaid
TA Hysteresis TA Hysteresis
Normal Concentric Cell HO (OL to UL)
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid
No
[OL to UL HO Yes [Penalty Time of OtoU No
Begin Allowed] Yes ? HO Fail(s)] overflow ? End
Yes
No No No
[RX_LEV for UO [RX_QUAL for UO [TA for UO HO
HO Allowed] Yes? HO Allowed] Yes? Allowed] Yes?
Yes Yes
Rx_Dl_Level<=[RX_LEV No
thshold] Rx_Dl_Quality>= Current TA>=[TA Threshold]No
-[RX_LEV Hysteresis] [RX_QUAL Treshold]? +
[TA Hysteresis]?
Yes Yes Yes
P/N No
rule End
?
Yes
Trigger OL to UL
Normal Concentric Cell HO (UL to OL)
Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid
[Penalty Time of UtoO No

Begin HO Fail(s)] overflow ?
Yes
Yes No
[UL to OL HO Time of HO failure<
Allowed] Yes ? [MaxRetry Time after UtoO Fail]? End
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Level >= No
End [RX_LEV for UO [RX_LEV Threshold] +
HO Allowed] Yes? [RX_LEV Hysteresis]
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Qual<= No
[RX_QUAL for UO [RX_QUAL Treshold]?
HO Allowed] Yes?
No Yes
[TA for UO HO Yes Current TA<=[TA Threshold]- No
Allowed] Yes? [TA Hysteresis]?
No
No P/N
rule
Yes ?
Trigger UL to OL
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )
Flow for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid for high load in UL
[Penalty Time of UtoO No
Begin HO Fail(s)] overflow ?
Yes
Yes No
[UL to OL HO Time of HO failure<
Allowed] Yes ? [MaxRetry Time after UtoO Fail]? End
No Yes
End Yes Rx_Dl_Level>[UtoO HO No
[RX_LEV for UO
HO Allowed] Yes? Received Level
Threshold]
No Yes
Yes No
[ATCBHoSwitch] Open? A
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Qual< No
[RX_QUAL for UO [RX_QUAL Treshold]?
HO Allowed] Yes?
No Yes
[TA for UO HO Yes Current TA<[TA Threshold]- No
Allowed] Yes? [TA Hysteresis]?
No Yes
P/N Yes Go to the user selection
rule
? flow in the next slide
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and
layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is
-110dBm
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )
User selection flow from UL to OL for high load in UL
[UtoO Traffice
Begin HO Allowed] Yes ?
Yes End
Refresh cell load
per second
Yes Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out No

Cell Serious OverLoad Thred]?
No Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out
Cell General OverLoad Thred]? (B-1)/second B
Yes Adjust HO zone basing

on HO step and HO
period
No
Any MS in HO zone?
B=[Underlay HO Step Period(s)]
HO step: [Underlay HO Step Level] Yes
HO period: B-1 or B
HO zone: begin from -47dBm Trigger
UL to OL
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for low load in
underlaid
[UtoO Traffice
Begin HO Allowed] Yes ?
Yes No End
[OL to UL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Adjust HO zone basing
Refresh cell load on HO step and HO
per second period
No
No Cell load of UL<[En Iuo Out
Any MS in HO zone?
Cell Low Load Thred]?
Yes
Yes Trigger
UL to OL
HO period: [En Iuo Cell Load Classification HO Period]

HO step: [En Iuo Cell Load Classification HO Step]
HO zone: begin from[OtoU HO Received Level Threshold] to
-47dBm
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for moving
No
[OL to UL HO Yes [Penalty Time of OtoU No
Begin Allowed] Yes ? HO Fail(s)] overflow ? End
Yes
No [RX_LEV for UO No No [RX_QUAL for UO [TA for UO HO No

HO Allowed] Yes? [ATCBHoSwitch] Allowed] Yes?
Open? HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes Yes
No No No
Rx_Dl_Level>[OtoU HO Rx_Dl_Qual>
Received Level A [RX_QUAL Treshold]? Current TA>[TA Threshold]+
Threshold] [TA Hysteresis]?
Yes Yes Yes Yes
P/N No
rule End
?
Yes
Select the underlaid subcell or
the neighbour cell with the Trigger OL to UL
highst priority in 16 bits list
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL
Subcells(dB)]
Channel Assignment strategies of
Concentric HO
Channel Assignment Strategies of Concentric HO
Intra-BSC Incoming
Immediate Inter-cell
Assignment Cell
Assignment
Handover
Handover
Immediate Assignment
The preferred SDCCH channel in two layers is controlled

by parameter TA pref. Of Imme-Assign Allowed
If "No", system prefers the channel in Underlaid subcell
If Yes", system prefers the channel according to in Channel Request
message
TA bigger TA smaller
Assignment
Preferred assignment in the overlay or underlay
cell
Assign the channel of overlay or underlay cell
according to the Rx_level and TA in the
measurement report
TA smaller and
Rx-level higher
Intra-BSC Inter-Cell Handover
In the case of intra-BSC inter-cell handover, the MS can

be handed over to the underlay or overlay cell first.
If System Optimization is selected, the preferred
assignment is conducted according to the level value in
the measurement report.
According to the Rx-

Overlaid level
overlaid
Underlaid
Inter-BSC Handover
For the inter-BSC Handover, if the target cell is concentric
cell , the channel of underlay cell should be assigned first.
BSC1 BSC2
Assign underlaid
Overlaid
overlaid first
Underlaid
AMR Handover Flow
Begin
No Are [Intracell HO
Allowed] & [Intracell F-H
HO
Allowed Yes ?
Yes
No
End Is current channel
TCH & version3?
Yes
Yes During [Penalty Time A: Cell load > [AMR TCH/H Prior
after AMR TCHF-H HO Cell Load Threshold]
Fail(s)]?
No
Yes No
current channel is
FR
No No
RQI/2 >[F2H HO th] & RQI/2 <[H2F HO th]
A End
Yes Yes
No Yes Trigger internal cell

Satisfy P/N rule?
AMR handover
Handover Implementation
Begin
No Is [Power boost befor HO Yes

enabled or not Yes ?
BTS(s) keeps current BTS(s) uses the

max.
power output For BTS power output
BSC send HO
Command to MS
No power control
HO execute
during handover in order to
make
sure the handover is successful
Handover Implementation
Begin
No Is [MS Power Prediction Yes

after HO Yes ?
MS uses the highest

power to access For MS BSC predict power
BSC send HO MS will use this predict

Command to MS power in new cell after
finishing this handover
No power control
HO execute
during handover in order to
make
sure the handover is successful
HUAWEI POWER CONTROL
Contents
Power Control Overview

HW II Power Control
HW III Power Control
Other Algorithms
HW II Power Control
HW II Power Control
MR preprocessing in HW II PC algorithm consists

of four steps
Interpolation
Compensation (Optional)
Prediction (Optional)
Filter
HW II Power Control
MR Interpolation Recover the lost Measurement Reports

BTS may fail to receive the MR from the MS and needs to
recover this MR if the lost MR is within the allowed range then
recovers the lost MR according to the specific algorithm.
Service cell: Linear Algorithm

Neighboring Cell: the lowest value defined in GSM specification
(-110dBm)
Related Parameters: Allowed MR Number lost

HW II Power Control
MR compensation: Ensures the accuracy of selection of the
history MR before filter
Implementation Steps:
1. Put the current receiving MR into the

MR compensation queue.
2. Record the changed info of the

transmitting power according to the
MS BTS power levels in the MR
3. After finish MR interpolation system

will compensate the RxLev of the
history MR according to the Power
change info. The compensated MRs
will be the original data in the filter
process
4. Filter the compensated MRs.

HW II Power Control
MR Prediction:
Purpose: Avoid PC later than needs, the delay is dangerous in poor level
or bad quality
Implementation Steps:
1. Analyze the tendency of MR by
historical measurement reports
after interpolation
2. Guide by tendency, to predict the

values of MR to be received.
There are 0-3 MRs prediction
which are configured on LMT
3. Filter the interpolated,

compensated and predicted MRs
and implement PC judgment
Related Parameter: UL MR Number Predicted, DL MR Number Predicted

(0-3) for Filter length=4
HW II Power Control
MR. Filter Smooth the instantaneous fading point
Calculate the average value within the filter window
Related Parameters:
Filter length for UL RX_LEV (1-20)

Filter length for DL RX_LEV (1-20)
Filter length for UL RX_Qual (1-20)
Filter length for DL RX_Qual (1-20)
HW II Power Control Judgment
Power Control demand based on Received level:
After being done with all the four

steps calculate the power level
step size to be adjusted making
the receiving level value closer to
the expected value
Adopt variable step size when

decreasing the transmitting power
according to the receiving level so
as to achieve the expected level
as soon as possible
When PC is performed based on

RxLev, it adopts three step sizes
for different quality bands.
Zone 0: Quality 0
Zone 1: Quality 1-2
Zone 3: Quality 3-7
Power Control demand based on Received Quality:
After being done with all the

four steps calculate the power
level step size to be adjusted
making the receiving Quality
value closer to the expected
value
Adopt the fixed step size when

adjust the transmitting power
according to the receiving
quality.
When PC is performed based on

RX_Qual, fixed step size should
be adopted by Adj. PC value by
Rxqual for each receiving
quality zones
General Power Control Judgment:
AdjStep_A:
If UL or DL RXLEV AdjStep_Qual < Lower Thresh of UL or DL RXLEV, AdjStep_A=0
If UL or DL RXLEV AdjStep_Qual >= Lower Thresh of UL or DL RXLEV,
AdjStep_A=AdjStep_Qual
AdjStep_B:
If AdjStep_Qual + UL or DL RXLEV > Upper Thresh of UL or DL RXLEV AdjStep_B=Upper
thresh of UL or DL RXLEV-UL or DL RXLEV
If AdjStep_Qual + UL or DL RXLEV <= Upper Thresh of UL or DL RXLEV
AdjStep_B=AdjStep_Qual
Adaptive Power Control:
Adaptive Power Control refers to the changeable power control strategy

according to the communication environment, it makes power control more
effective and stable
Automatically change the adjustable maximum step size of power control

according to different communication environment (Different RX_Qual)
Adopt different power control strategies according to different communication

environments (Different receiving quality and level)
Max. step is different between increase and decrease.
When the PC is caused by RX_LEV, it will be performed considering the RX_Qual

which are set into three Quality Zones (0, 1-2, >=3). Each Zone allows different
maximum adjustment step size. The worst the quality, the less the adjustment
step size will be.
If the max. step size allowed is set too small the algorithm can not achieve the
purpose of Power Control ASAP. If it is set too big it will increase the validity of
PC.
Step Size is fixed when PC is performed according to received quality

Special Triggering Thresholds:
DL/UL Qual Bad Trig Threshold:
During UL/DL PC when the quality of received signals is larger

than or equal to this trigger threshold, the actual value of DL/UL
RX_LEV Upper is the one plus the value of DL/UL Quality Bad Up
LEVDiff in the data configuration. This parameter further
improves the expected level value of PC.
DL/UL Qual Bad Up LEVDiff:
During DL/UL PC when the quality of received signals is

larger than or equal to the triggering thresholds, the actual
value of DL/UL RX_LEV Upper Threshold is one plus the value
of this parameter
HW III Power Control
HW III PC (MR Preprocessing)
For MR preprocessing there are three differences between HWII & HWIII
Power Control
1. Initial Discarded MR number:

. Avoiding the access period MR influence Power Control accuracy,
system discards some initial MRs.
. HWII: Discard 4 initial MR, fixedly
. HWIII: Set it via [SdMrCutNum/TCHMrCutNum]
2. Interpolation method:
. Rx_lev: If Rx_lev (k) is lost, recover it as Rx_lev(k-1)

. Rx_qual: If Rx_qual is lost, recover it as quality 7
3. Filter Calculation:
. Quality Filter:
. Quality class value will be converted to BER and set up the
correspondance relationship with CIR as below table
. Calculate the avg. CIR according to the selected filter method

MR Filter Calculation:
Filter algorithm: Exponent filter and slide window filter
Exponent Filter
- ca_filtered1 (1) = ca(1) k=1

- ca_filtered1 (k) = a*ca(k) + (1-a)*ca_filtered1(k-1) k>1
- ca: Original receiving level or quality

- ca_filtered1: receiving level or quality after exponent filter calculation
- k: Serial number of Measurement Report
- a: Exponent filter Co-efficient, a=1/(2^(w/2)), and w is exponent filter
length
Working Example: Lets w=2; then a=1/(2^1)=1/2
-ca_filtered1(1) = ca(1)
-ca_filtered1(2) = 1/2*ca(2) + (1-1/2)*ca(1)
= [ca(2) + ca(1)]/2
-ca_filtered1(3) = *ca(3) + (1-1/2)*[ca(2) + ca(1)]/2

= ca(3)/2 + [ca(2) + ca(1)]/4
-ca_filtered1(4) = ca(4)/2 + ca(3)/4 + [ca(2) + ca(1)]/8
Higher the value of w weight of the current MR would be higher

MR Filter Calculation:
Filter algorithm: Exponent filter and slide window filter
Slide Window Filter Filter
- ca_filtered (1) = ca_filtered1(1) k=1

- ca_filtered (k) = [ca_filtered1 (1) ++ ca_filtered1(k)]/k 1<k<w
- ca_filtered (k) = [ca_filtered1 (k-w-1) +...+ ca_filtered1(k)]/w k>=w
- ca_filtered1: receiving level or quality after exponent filter calculation

- ca_filtered: receiving level or quality after slide window filter
- k: Serial number of Measurement Report
- w: Slide filter window
Working Example: From previous example lets say four processed MRs were R1, R2
R3and R3 then
R1 = R1
R2 = (R1 + R2)/2
R3 = (R1 + R2 + R3)/3
R4 = (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4)/4
Power Control Judgement
During HWIII PC judgment, system will calculate radio channel gain
Suppose: In SAACH period k, useful signal is c(k), interference is I(k).

Radio Channel gain is g(k) and transmit power for BTS or MS is p(k).
The below formulas are calculated by logarithm
10^[ca_filtered(k)/10] = 10^[c(k)/10] + 10^[I(k)/10] (1)
C/I qa_filtered(k) = c(k) I(k) (2)
C(k) = p(k) g(k) (3)
Radio Channel Gain Calculation:
From (1) and (2), we can get c(k)
C(k)= ca_filter(k) + qa_filter(k) 10*log(1+10^[qa_filtered(k)])
Input c(k) to (3) we can get the g(k) of the radio channel
BTS Power Control Step Calculation:
Step(k) = -[ sfactor*(BsTxMaxPower g(k) SThr )+

qfactor*[qa_filtered(k) - QThr]
If step(k) > 0, so step(k) = 0
sfactor: [HWIII DL RxLev Adjust Factor]

Qfactor: [HWIII DL Rx_Qual Adjust Factor]
BsTxMaxPower: The maximum power level of occupied carrier
SThrUp: [HWIII DL RxLev Upper Threshold]
SThrDown: [HWIII DL RxLev Down Threshold]
SThr = (SThrUp + SThrDown)/2 : The mean level of expected receiving level window
QThrUp: [HWIII DL FS/HS/AFS/AHS Rx_Qual Upper Threshold (dB)]

QThrDown: [HWIII DL FS/HS/AFS/AHS Rx_Qual. Lower Threshold (dB)]
QThr = (QThrUp + QThrDown)/2: the mean level of expected receiving quality
window
MS Power Control Step Calculation:
Step(k) = -[ sfactor*(MsTxMaxPower g(k) SThr ] +

qfactor*[qa_filtered(k) - QThr]
Adjustment Protection:
For avoiding too rapid adjustment, parameter [DL/UL MAX

DownStep/UpStep] is used to control the maximum power control step.
If the difference between power control step(k) and previous one step(k-1) is
bigger than maximum power control step configured above, just take the
maximum power control step as the difference between them, so as to limit
the current power control command step(k).
All these Max step size ranges from 1-30db depending upon the values set
by the management.
HW III Power Control Features
Exponent Filter enhances the Measurement Report process

speed.
In HW II PC, receive level and quality be considered

independently and then general Power control judgment will
be done. While in HWIII PC, the final result will be got from
the general formula.
Difference quality threshold be set for the difference

services such as AMR, FR and HR
HWIII PC Optimization Algorithm
The basic purpose of HWIII PC Optimization algorithm is almost

the same as HWIII PC algorithm including MR preprocessing, PC
step calculation, PC implementation etc.
The improvement for HWIII Power Control Algorithm:
MR Power Control Compensation (available for RXLEV & RXQUAL)
Dual Co-efficient filter algorithm can achieve fast increasing and low
decreasing.
The power control step calculation adopts dual factors to protect low
RXLEV area.
Update the formula of power control step calculation

MR Power Control Compensation
MR Power control Compensation means compensate the RXLEV and
RXQUAL to the maximum transmit power
Ca_comp(k) = ca(k) + PowerComp

Qa_comp(k) = qa(k) + PowerComp
PowerComp indicates the decrease on the maximum transmit
power of BTS or MS
For Uplink PC, PowerComp = min(MsTxPWR, MsPowerMax)-

PowerUsedUL(k-1)
For Downlink PC, PowerComp = 2*PowerLev(k-1)
The actual transmit power could be different with the claimed transmit
power(there is error tolerence for transmit level). So the advantage of
PC compensation is keeping a stable reference for power control
decision the maximum transmit power
For DL PC, if PowerLev(k) is 2 that means 2*2dB (4dB)

Dual Co-efficient Filter
HW PC III Optimization algorithm adopts exponent filter but the calculation of
factor A is quite different with PC algorithm III and it adopts dual co-efficient for
MR filtering.
Ca_filtered(k) = (1-A)*ca_comp(k) + A*ca_filtered(k-1)
If ca_comp(k) < ca_filtered(k-1), L=B, otherwise L=FiltAdjustfactor*B
qa_filtered(k) = (1-A)*qa_comp(k) + A*qa_filtered(k-1)
If qa_comp(k) < qa_filtered(k-1), L=B, otherwise L=FiltAdjustfactor*B
A=(1.012*L - 0.7505) / (L + 1.848)
B: [DLRxLevExponentFilterLen], [DLRxQualExponentFilterLen],
[ULRxLevExponentFilterLen], [ULRxQualExponentFilterLen]
FilterAdjustFactor: [III UL Filter Adjust Factor], [III DL Filter Adjust Factor]
If ca_comp(k) < ca_filtered(k-1), means radio conditions are really bad, Then
L=B, and it can assign a higher weight for ca_comp(k) compared with
L=FiltAdjustFactor*B, so that a system prefers to applicate a high transmit power.
ULFiltAdjustfactor = 1-10
DLFiltAdjustfactor = 1-10
Power Control Step Calculation
HW III PC Optimization algorithm adopts two sets of factors and it
can help the system to avoid too low transmit power
Step1(k) = -[RxLev Protect Factor*{ca_filtered(k) SThr} +

RxQual Protect Factor*{qa_filtered(k) QThr}]
step2(k) = -[sfactor*(ca_filtered(k) SThr) +

qfactor*(qa_filtered(k) QThr)]
step(k) = max[step1(k) , step2(k)]
If step(k) > 0 the step(k) = 0
This two step criteria is just to make sure that step size is
calculated on the basis of true picture of received level and
quality.
In first step we normally give higher weight to Quality and lower

to level and vice versa in the second step.
4. Other Algorithms
4.1. Active Power Control
4.2. 0.2dB Power Control
4.3. SAIC Power Control

Active Power Control Overview
In the initial stage of the channel establishment, both BTS and MS
transmit at full power, thus increasing the power consumption and
the interference
A no.of MRs are discared initially in HWII and HWIII PC thus PC

may be late at the initial stage of the channel establishment
thus increasing the Power consumption and the interference,
In the active power control algorithm, the BSC estimates the UL/DL
power through the path loss and issues the power control command
through the channel activation
At present the active power control algorithm is used in the

assignment procedure and channel assignment procedure during
the intra-BSC handover
Control in Assignment Procedure
Control in Assignment procedure:
Control in Channel Assignment
Procedure during Intra-BSC Handover
0.2dB Power Control
For normal power control command, the adjustment

precession is 2dB.
The system starts to support the 0.2dB downlink power

control precision
This feature is available for HW Power control algorithm III

and III Optimization
Parameter: FINESTEPPCALLOWED
Value Ranges: Yes or No
SAIC Power Control
SAIC: Single Antenna Interference Cancellation
SAIC Power Control
Thank You
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Huawei GSM Radio Network Optimization

CELL PARAMETERS OVERVIEW

HUAWEI HANDOVER ALGORITHM

HUAWEI POWER CONTROL

GSM BSS COMMUNICATION FLOW

Huawei GSM cell parameters:

Network Identity Parameters

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

Once MS receives SYS INFO, it decodes the CGI

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

In GSM system, each BTS is allocated with a color code,

Value Range: Yes, No

Value Range: 0~7 (Non-Compounding CCCHs), 0~2 (1

Value Range: 2~9

Value Range: 0~255

There are table BA1 and table BA2.

Table BA1 describes BCCH frequencies of the adjacent cells

Table BA2 describes BCCH frequencies of the adjacent cells

MS MAX Retrans Common Access Control

Value Range: 3~12, 14, 16,

Value Range: -121~-47

Value Range: 4~64, the step size is 4

Value Range: Selection of 0~7 Perm.

Value Range: Level 0~9 Forbidden

Value Range: 0~3

Location: Cell Attributes/Call Control/Basic Call Control

Value Range: Yes, No

Cell Selection Criteria:

Value Range: 0~19

Application of CBA & CBQ

For neighbor cell: For serving cell:

Value Range: 0~63( the corresponding level value: 0~126dB,

Value Range: 0~31(the corresponding time is 20~620s), 31(reserved for

Value Range: 0~14, the step size is 2dB

Call Reestablishment Forbidden PWRC

Value Range: Yes, No

Value Range: 0~63 (-110dBm~-47dBm)

Value Range: Enable, Disable

Value Range: 0~100(%)

Range Value :1~255

Range Value : 0~255

Value Range: Normal cell, Double TS Ext cell

Value range: 1~31

Value range: Yes, No

MSC NSS Network MSC

BSC BSC BSC

Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Intra Cell HO ( HRFR)

Inter Cell HO TCH TCH

1 Measure and Measurement Result Report

2 Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

Period of Measurement Report

480ms 4 TCH Multi-

12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

[Transfer Original MR]

[Transfer BS/MS Power Class]

[Allowed MR Number Lost]

1 Measure and Measurement OM Forced HO

Rx_Level_Drop HO Concentric Cell HO

Concentric Punish on other

Punish the target cell when a HO fails.

Punish the original cell when an emergency HO ( due

Giving penalty on the other three layers(Non-umbrella Layer )