Chapter 15: Age of Reason

Science; Religion; Philosophy; and

the Arts!
I. Scientific Discoveries

Two principal authorities during the Middle Ages:

Ancient philosophers
Church tradition
A) The Scientific Method

Limitations of science
Can explain how, but not why
Cannot make moral judgments
Limited to what can be observed
A) The Scientific Method

Other limitations
Man has finite abilities
Presuppositions
Scientific knowledge is constantly expanding
 Barometer
The Scientific Tools

Telescopes

Thermometer Microscopes
Mathematics
B) The Scientific Revolution

Astronomy
Geocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Opposed by Roman Catholic Church
Johannes Kepler
B) The Scientific Revolution

Astronomy
Galileo Galilei
Telescope
Isaac Newton
Mathematics
Laws of gravity
Principia
B) The Scientific Revolution

Medicine
Andreas Vesalius
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Father of Anatomy
Paracelsus
Use of chemicals
B) The Scientific Revolution
Medicine
William Harvey
Father of
Experimental Biology
Heart is a pump
Edward Jenner
Developed smallpox
vaccination
B) The Scientific Revolution

Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Boyles law relating the pressure of a gas to
its volume
Joseph Priestley
Found several important chemical
substances
B) The Scientific Revolution

Chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Father of modern chemistry
Law of conservation of matter
Chapter 15: Age of Reason

II. Intellectual Attitudes

A) Intellectual Attitudes

Age of Reason
Enlightenment
Reason was the gateway to human progress
Rationalism
Reason the only sure source of knowledge and
truth
B) Forerunners to the Enlightenment

Inductive reasoning
Sir Francis Bacon
Novum Organum
Specific cases to a
general conclusion
 B) Forerunners to the Enlightenment

Deductive reasoning
Ren Descartes
Reason aided by
mathematics
Doubt everything
Uses premises and
logic to arrive at
more complex truth
C) Explanations of Reality

Descartes
Dualism
Two types of reality:
Mind
Matter
Only reason can discover truths about the
physical world
C) Explanations of Reality

Baruch Spinoza
Reason must judge whether Bible is true or not
Bible not relevant to present day
Pantheism
C) Explanations of Reality

John Locke
Empiricism
All knowledge comes through experience
Mind of a baby like a blank tablet
Rejected doctrine of original sin
D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Philosophes
Social reformers
Challenged established values and institutions
D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Philosophes
Championed a secular society
Believed man could solve societys problems
 D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

John Locke
Political reform
People possess natural and unalienable rights
Two Treatises of Government
 D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Montesquieu
Looked to England
Separation of three
powers of government
D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Voltaire
Outspoken critic
Hated organized
religion
Advocated a religion
ruled by human reason
D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Denis Diderot
Encyclopdie
Expressions of Enlightenment philosophy
Officially opposed by French government
and the Roman Church
 D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Favored emotion and sentiment over
reason
Father of Romanticism
 D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract
Government should carry out the
general will of the people
D) Spokesmen of the Enlightenment

Deism
Faith in reason instead of the Bible
Rejection of supernatural
Man is basically good
The universe as a machine
God was merely a First Cause
Chapter 15: Age of Reason

III. Spiritual Awakening

 A) Pietism in Germany

Philipp Spener
Meetings in his home
Pia Desideria
Collegia pietatis
August Francke
Halle
Educational institutions
 A) Pietism in Germany

Nikolaus von Zinzendorf

Became leader of Moravians
Herrnhut
Pietist weakness: Elevated personal experience
over sound doctrine
B) Revival in England

John Wesley
Methodist
Conversion
Ministry
Extensive preaching
Methodist societies
 B) Revival in England

George Whitefield
Britain
Seven trips to American colonies
C) Awakening in the American Colonies

Great Awakening
Traveling evangelists
Local pastors
Jonathan Edwards
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
C) Awakening in the American Colonies

Results
Conversions
Missions
Schools
Chapter 15: Age of Reason

IV. Artistic Reflection

A) The Baroque Age in Art

Mannerism
16th century
Artists did not strive for realism and balance
El Greco
A) The Baroque Age in Art

Baroque
1600 to about 1750
A) The Baroque Age in Art

Baroque
Grand
Dynamic
Heroic
Active
Swirling
Sensual
Emotional
A) The Baroque Age in Art

Giovanni Bernini
Architect, sculptor, painter
 A) The Baroque Age in Art

Peter Paul Rubens

Painter
Needed to hire assistants
A) The Baroque Age in Art

Rembrandt van Rijn

Great Dutch painter
Chiaroscuro
Visual interpretation of Scripture
B) The Neoclassical Period in Art

18th century
Orderly, formal, calm, balanced
Art should conform to certain restrictions
C) The Baroque Age in Music

1. Composers gradually turned from

polyphony to homophony
2. Trend was toward secular music
C) The Baroque Age in Music

3. New types of musical compositions,

including opera, ballet, & oratorio
4. Instrumental music became more
important; development of orchestra
 C) The Baroque Age in Music

5. Instrumentalists usually accompanied vocal

numbers
6. Italian musical markings became standard
for music
C) The Baroque Age in Music

Claudio Monteverdi
Operas became very popular (48)
C) The Baroque Age in Music

G. F. Handel
Oratorios
Messiah
C) The Baroque Age in Music

J. S. Bach
Primarily church music
Prolific composer
Passion According to St. Matthew
D) The Classical Age in Music

1750 to early 1800s

Style
Types of compositions
D) The Classical Age in Music

Franz Joseph Haydn

Wrote much music
Father of the Symphony
D) The Classical Age in Music

W. A. Mozart
Enormous ability
Excelled in many types of musical compositions
(23:27)
D) The Classical Age in Music

Ludwig van Beethoven (9:47)

E) Literature in the Age of Reason

Imitation of classical works

Neoclassical
Molire
Playwright
Comedies
 E) Literature in the Age of Reason

Alexander Pope
Poet
Satire
E) Literature in the Age of Reason

Jonathan Swift
Prose writer
Satire
Gullivers Travels
E) Literature in the Age of Reason

Novels
Daniel DeFoe
Robinson Crusoe
Samuel Richardson
Pamela
E) Literature in the Age of Reason

Edward Gibbon
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
The End!