RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WRITING
METHODOLOGY
Explains how the study will be conducted.

Includes the research method/design, respondents,

instrument, and validation of the instrument, data
gathering procedure and treatment of data.
METHODOLOGY
DEDUCTIVE REASONING- also known as top down approach where the
investigator works from
more general information to something more
specific.

INDUCTIVE REASONING- also known as bottom up moves from the specific

to the general,
ending up with general conclusions or theories
(Jirojwong et al 2011;
Burns and Grove 2009).
RESEARCH DESIGN
More than just a description of the techniques or procedures;
should outline the key assumptions your approach makes. It
may foreshadow some of the methodological issues, which
you anticipate will arise in the developing your research
approach.
In describing the research design, the following should be
considered:
1. Analyze critically the utility of the design.
2. Describe how the design will help you in the conduct of the
study.
3. Highlight problems in developing a suitable design.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
(DESIGN)
2 MAIN DESIGNS
1. Phenomenology, Ethnography, Grounded Theory
(Glaser and Strauss 1967).

2. Historical Method and Case Study (Borbasi and

Jackson; Burns and Grove 2009)
PHENOMENOLOGY- searches for multiple meanings attributed to a
phenomenon and try to provide a comprehensive description rather than an
explanation (Liamputtong 2013).
- used to describe the everyday world of human
experience
(Jirojwong et al 2011).
ETHNOGRAPHY- has its origins in anthropology with its focus on the study of
humans from the evolutionary and social perspective (Jirojwong et all 2011)
and focuses on the scientific study of lived culture of a group of people
(Liamputtong 2013).

GROUNDED THEORY- a systematic form of inquiry which generates social

theory through the study of social systems present in human interaction.

HISTORICAL METHOD- the process of establishing facts and principles

through chronology and the evolution or historical course of what is being
studied. Analyzed and define event and then understand the impact of that
event on the present (Borbasi and Jackson 2012).
CASE STUDY- focuses on a particular phenomenon or issue of concern in a
OTHER QUALITATIVE METHODS
Observation Research
Hermeneutics
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Discourse Analysis
Basic Interpretive
Conversation Analysis
Content Analysis
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY
Who are my Participants?
How to choose my participants?

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING is a non-random method of sampling where the

researcher selects information rich cases for study in depth (Patton,
2002). It takes place when the researcher selects a sample from which the
most can be learned (Merriam, 1998).

the most common sampling strategy in

Qualitative Research
PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY
HOW MANY PARTICIPANTS ARE ENOUGH?

There are no rules to represent the correct number of

participants in a qualitative research. Resources (time,
money, participant availability, participants interest,
etc) will influence the number of participants.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
2 GENERAL INDICATORS OF ADEQUATE
PARTICIPANTS

THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PARTICIPANTS REPRESENT THE

RANGE OF POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS IN THE SETTING.

Researcher begins to
REDUNDANCY OF INFORMATION; DATAhear
SATURATION
the same thoughts,
perspective and
responses from
participants, little more
can be learned.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Theoretical sampling- sampling is directed towards making
possible generalizations about theoretical propositions.
Stratified Purposeful- Selection based on subgroups,
several cases at each of several levels of variation of the
phenomenon.
Homogeneous Sample- Selecting participants who are very
similar in experiences, perspective, or outlook to produce
a narrow sample and make collection and analysis simpler.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
Purposeful Random- means participants who were purposively selected and
who are too numerous to include all in the study. This approach lends
credibility to the sample, but is still based on an initial sample that was
purposively selected.
Convenience Sampling- researchers select those who are available and likely
to participate, perhaps over a specific period of time.

Politically important Sample- selection of participants who are well known

and would create wide interest in the study.

Opportunistic Sample- Selecting participants based on taking advantage of

unexpected situations.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
THE LOCALE OF THE STUDY
THE AREA ON WHERE THE STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED
USUALLY THE AREA WHERE THE PARTICIPANTS CAN BE FOUND.