BIOLOGY

PROJECT
Submitted To Archana Maam
 EXCRETION
The process by which waste product of
metabolism and other non useful
materials are eliminited from an
organism . In vertibrates this is a
primary carried out by lungs , kidneys
and skin. The excretion is an essential
process in all forms of life.
 EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
The excretory system of human beings
includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of
ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one
on either side of the backbone. Urine
produced in the kidneys passes through
the ureters into the urinary bladder where
it is stored until it is released through the
urethra.
 HOW THE KIDNEY WORKS ?
The kidneys perform the essential function of removing waste products from the blood and
regulating the water fluid levels. The diagram below shows the basic structure of the kidney.
 The kidneys receive blood through the renal artery. The blood is passed through the structure
of the kidneys called nephrons, where waste products and excess water pass out of the blood
stream, as shown in the diagram below.
 When the venom induces clotting, the fibrin is deposited in the tubules.
As the tubules are blocked, the kidneys are not able to remove the same
amount of waste products from the blood, and urea and cretinine begin
to accumulate in the blood. If these chemicals are not removed, the
concentrations become lethal.
When the kidneys are not functional, dialysis becomes necessary to save
the victim. In dialysis, the blood passes through an external membrane
which allows waste products from the blood to pass out of the blood and
into the dialysis fluid. Because of the rate of buildup of the waste
products, it may be necessary to perform dialysis as many as 3 times per
week.
 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEYS

Following regions can be seen in L-S of kidney.

1. CORTEX
It is darker region of the kidney.
2. MEDULLA
It is inner lighter portion of the kidney.
a. PYRAMIDS
These are conical structure in medulla.b. PELVIS
It is funnel shaped part which arises from medulla and become narrow after some
length then it is called ureter
 WHAT IS DIALYSIS ?
Dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and
unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. Our kidneys do this
naturally. Some people, however, may have failed or damaged kidneys
which cannot carry out the function properly - they may need dialysis.
 KIDNEY DISORDERS
STONE FORMATION
Defect can occur in the filtration process or the function of
the tubules in changing the filtrate into urine or by
accumulation of stones in kidney system.
TREATMENT
Ultrasound and laser therapy to destroy kidney stones.
Dialysis to clean the blood
Transplantation of kidney to replace damaged kidney.
 HOW URETERS WORK ?
The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
In humans there are two ureters, one attached to each kidney.
 The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
In humans there are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half
of the ureter is located in the abdomen and the lower half is located in the
pelvic area. The ureter is approximately 12 inches long. The tube has thick
walls composed of a fibrous, a muscular, and a mucus coat, which are able to
contract. Ureter disorders include: Duplication of the ureter: a congenital
condition in which two ureters form on the same kidney. Ureteropelvic
Junction obstruction: this occurs when the connection between the kidney
and ureter is blocked, preventing urine from exiting the kidney. Ureterovesical
Junction obstruction: When the connection between the ureter and bladder is
blocked. If any of these disorders occur, the passage of urine is blocked and
can cause pyelonephritis, loss of renal function, or renal calculi.Treatment is
possible through insertion of a catheter, insertion of a stent, or surgery. If an
infection is found, antibiotics are often prescribed.
 HOW URINARY BLADDER WORKS ?

The bladder, also known as the urinary bladder, is an expandable muscular sac that
stores urine before it is excreted out of the body through the urethra. It is located in
the lower abdominal area near the pelvic bones.
When empty, the bladders muscle wall becomes thicker, and the entire
bladder becomes firm. As the bladder fills from two ureterstubes to expel
urine from the kidneys to the bladderthe muscle wall thins, and the bladder moves
upward toward the abdominal cavity.
This stretching can increase the size of the bladder from about 2 inches to more
than 5 inches long, depending on the amount of liquid. The typical human bladder
reaches its capacity between 16 to 24 ounces of urine, but the urge to urinate
comes when the bladder is about one-quarter full.
 An internal sphincter a type of muscular valve helps prevent urine from
leaking out. The triangle-shaped base of the bladder, known as the trigone, helps
prevent stretching of the urethra or backflow into the ureters.
When signaled, the bladder releases urine through the urethra, the tube that carries
urine out of the body. In men, the urethra ends at the tip of the penis. In women, this
tube ends between the clitoris and the vagina.
 HOW URETHRA
WORKS ?
The male urethra connects the urinary bladder to the penis, and it functions as an
exit from the body. Once the bladder becomes full, urine flows through the urethra
and leaves the body at the meatus located at tip of the penis.
The urethra is more than just a urinary duct; it also serves as a conduit for semen
and sperm during sexual acts. While urine and semen travel through the urethra,
the tube is not solely responsible for moving fluids.
The urethral sphincter controls voluntary and involuntary urination. This group of
muscles includes both the internal and external sphincter muscles of the urethra.
The bulbospongiosus muscle of the penis plays an active role in ejaculation.
 The male urethra is comprised of four main parts.
The preprostatic urethra runs in front of the
prostate, while the prostatic urethra courses
through that gland. The membranous urethra
travels through the external urethral sphincter,
while the spongy urethra travels the length of the
penis and terminates at the meatus at the tip of the
sexual organ.
 WHAT ARE NEPHRONS ?
Each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its
associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as
urine.
 STRUCTURE OF NEPHRONS -
Nephron is a kidney unit receiving tissue fluid
Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of haule
Distal comolillated tubule and modifying it into
urine. Nephron consist of following parts.
 HOW NEPHRON FUNCTIONS ?
Tissue filtrate is forced out from glomerulus into the
cavity of Bowman's capsule. As fluid pass along the
tubules all food and other useful substances are
reabsorbed from tissue fluid leaving urine, which is
brought to renal pelvic through collecting duct.
From renal pelvic urine is carried to urinary bladder
through ureter. Urine is stored in urinary bladder for
some time and then removed from the body
 HOW IS URINE PRODUCED?

The purpose of making urine is to filter out

waste products from the blood. Just as CO2 is
removed from the blood in the lungs,
nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid
are removed from blood in the kidneys. It is
then no surprise that the basic filtration unit
in the kidneys,
 EXCRETION IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

AMOEBA
Amoeba is a protozoan that is usually shapeless and consists
of one cell. It excretes waste through a contractile vacuole by
the process of diffusion. The vacuole is a membrane-bound
organelle which takes in water from the diastole and releases
it to the systole.
 WHAT IS DIFFUSION ?
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance (e.g., an
atom, ion or molecule) from a region of high concentration
to a region of low concentration. This is also referred to as
the movement of a substance down a concentration
gradient.
 EXCRETION
IN PLANTS
Plants use completely different strategies for excretion than
those of animals. Oxygen itself can be thought of as a waste
product generated during photosynthesis.
They can get rid of excess water by transpiration. For other
wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues consist of
dead cells, and that they can even lose some parts such as
leaves. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular
vacuoles. Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially
in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste substances into
the soil around them
 WHAT IS TRANSPIRATION ?
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its
evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and
flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores which are called stomata, and in
most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage.
THANK YOU
CREATORS
KSHITIZ,,GARIMA,,MUSKA
AN,, RESHMA
AND RITIKA