Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MELAYU
PENGENALAN
Pembentukan tamadun bukan hanya
berdasarkan anutan agama masyarakat
semata-mata, tetapi dikenali juga
berdasarkan jenis bangsa yang
mempelopori tamadun tersebut.
Tamadun Melayu tamadun yang dimiliki
bangsa Melayu di rantau yang dikenali
sebagai Alam Melayu, Kepulauan Melayu,
Nusantara ataupun Asia Tenggara.
NUSANTARA
Tamadun Melayu telah melalui beberapa
fasa perkembangan sejarah:
~ Fasa kedatangan serta pertapakan
masyarakat yang dikenali sebagai
Melayu
~ Fasa orang Melayu menerima pengaruh
India dalam agama dan kebudayaan
~ Fasa orang Melayu menerima Islam
~ Fasa penjajahan
~ Fasa kewujudan negara-negara merdeka
Ancient Malaysia - Negrito aborigines are considered to be
one of the first groups of people to inhabit the Malaysian
peninsula. When the Proto-Malays, made up of seafarers and
farmers, came to the peninsula they sent the Negritos into the
jungles and hills. The Proto-Malays came from China and
were technologically advanced, especially in comparison to
the Negritos. After the Proto-Malays came the Deutero-
Malays, which were made up of many different people - Arabs,
Chinese, Indians, Proto-Malays, and Siamese. The Deutero-
Malays were proficient in their use of iron and when they
united with Indonesians, they combined to make up the people
known today as the Malay.
Lelaki dan wanita asli puak SemangThe standard photograph of
the time: a European between
Negritos (fromLord Moyne,
Walkabout: A Journey in
Lands between the Pacific and
Indian Ocean. London 1938).
House of Mentri Saada,Headman,Kuala
Gadil,Sungai Jeram,Pahang
"Young Senoi man from Telum
Valley, 1932, (c) photo taken by
Paul B. Means"
Orang
Melayu
Hindu Kingdom - 100 BC - 1400 AD - During this period,
Malaysia's culture changed dramatically with the arrival of
Indians. Indians initially went to the Malaysian peninsula in
search of a mystical place known as the "Land of Gold."
Although the places in Malaysia may not have been what
they were looking for, they didn't leave, but continued to
arrive in search of gold, spices and aromatic wood. In
addition to trade (with goods), the Indians introduced
Hinduism and Buddhism to the peninsula, thus bringing
temples and other cultural traditions from India. As a
result, local kings in Malaysia combined what they
considered to be the best aspects of India's government
with their own structure, thus resulting in "Indianised
kingdoms." Today, the Indian influences can best be seen
in a traditional Malay wedding ceremony, which is similar
to those in India.
Islam and the Golden Age of Malacca - 1400 AD - 1511
AD - Chinese, Indian and Arab records show that Srivijaya to
be the best trading area in the region. After seeing its great
success, other areas quickly copied it thus causing a decline
in Srivijaya's influence. Since the Hindu kingdoms of
Malaysia weren't very strong and didn't have a central power,
this caused a big problem for the region. Pirates were
another problem that needed to be taken care of in order for
there to be a safe, secure port. This problem was taken care
of with the emergence of Malacca, which was in an ideal
location, thus attributing to its great success. It was founded
in 1400 and within 50 years it was a major port, actually the
most influential in Southeast Asia and with alliances being
built with other tribes and ports, Malacca was able to "police"
the waters and provide an escort for vessels that needed it.
With this success, Malacca quickly became the power in
control of all of Malaysia's west coast.
Para pedagang Arab datang ke
Melaka dan menyebarkan Islam
di sana sehingga menjadi pusat
penyebaran Islam di seluruh
Nusantara pada abad ke 15
Masehi.
Colonial Malaysia - 1511 AD - 1957 AD - Malacca's power and success
was quickly extinguished with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1511. Since
the Arabians weren't allowing vessels piloted by non-Muslims into their
harbors, the Europeans realized they needed a trading port of their own.
Thus bringing about capture of Malacca and it's harbor. After conquering
Malacca, the Portuguese built an immense fort which in turn was captured
by the Dutch in 1641. In 1785, the British, who needed a port for their
ships to dock while in route to China, persuaded the Sultan of Kedah to let
them build a fort on Penang. After the French conquered the Netherlands
in 1795, the Dutch allowed England to oversee the port of Malacca rather
than turn it over the the French. This was the first in a series of "swaps" to
and from each country regarding this area. Eventually, although it was
finally given to Britain in a trade, the Dutch were the main controllers of the
region. With the establishment of a port in Singapore, the British colonies
(Malacca, Penang, and Singapore) came to be known as the Straits
Settlements.
Fasa Penjajahan
Aphonso d albuquerqur
A Trader's Dream:
Tome Pries, a Portuguese apothecary who visited Malacca
in the early 16th century, said that the city was "of such
importance and profit that it seems to me it has no equal
in the world." Part of this success came from Malice's
highly organized municipal government. The port was
administered by four syahbandars, or harbor master,
each of whom was assigned to a group of nations.
Captains of arriving ships would report to their particular
syahbandar, whose staff would then provide the him with
elephants to carry his cargo to a nearby warehouse
specifically allotted to him. Traders paid customs based on
the value of the merchandise and their port of origin, and
gifts were presented to the ruler, the bendahara (chief
minister), the temenggung (customs official), and the
syahbandar. Large ships paid a 6 percent flat-rate based
on the value of their cargo.
Once duties were paid, Malay merchants would buy the
goods, then sell them in the marketplace or ship them off
to other nearby ports. The entire process was fair and fast,
and traders were almost always guaranteed to be finished
in time to catch the monsoon winds home.
England's monopoly on tin mining was tremendously helped
with the Pangkor Agreement in 1874. This Agreement was the
result of internal fighting among the Malay kingdoms over
control of the Perak throne. The commotion that ensued
prompted Britain to basically force the Malay rulers into signing
the peace treaty. A result of this treaty was that England had
greater control, which greatly helped them in maintaining their
monopoly in tin mining. Britain's control continued until the
Japanese invasion in 1942, although they tried to regain control
after the end of World War II in 1945. This attempt was foiled
by Malaya's independence movement under the guidance of
Tunku Abdul Rahman. The British flag was lowered for good in
1957 in Merdeka Square (Kuala Lumpur).
Independence to the Present: 1957- Now - Malaya's independence brought about new
decisions that needed to be made, the first decision being to ascertain which territories to
include in the new state. "Malaysia" was a term brought up in 1961, when Tunku
persuaded Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to combine with Malaya in a federal union.
This didn't go over well with Indonesian president, Sukarno, who feared the impact of such
a union on his plans to expand. He initiated several unsuccessful attacks against
Malaysia.
Since Malaysia is comprised of such a diverse mix of people, another problem the country
faced with independence was determining their (Malaysia's) national identity. Although the
majority of the population was Malay and as such they were given permanent positions in
government and other perks, the Chinese were dominate in business and trade. Since
most Malaysian's were not doing well economically, the government imposed some quotas
that were designed to help the Malays improve their chances economically. The Chinese
didn't like this and formed a political party that won a good number of seats in the next
election (1969). The Malays protested this political win by erupting into riots throughout
Kuala Lumpur, which for the next couple of years put Malaysia in a state of emergency.
Malaysia has made tremendous strides in their growth and wealth. Prime Minister
Mahathir bin Mohammed, who has led Malaysia since 1981, is felt to be responsible for
Malaysia's success.
Kemeredekaan
Tanah Melayu pada
31 Ogos 1957
menandakan detik
permulaan umat
Islam di Malaysia
terlepas secara
rasmi dari
cengkaman
penjajah British.
Apakah ia juga
membawa maksud
umat Islam di
rantau ini merdeka
sepenuhnya
daripada penjajah
tersebut?
1. TEORI KEDATANGAN
ISLAM
Alam Melayu merangkumi wilayah
selatan Thailand, selatan Filipina,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei dan
Singapura.
Sebelum kedatangan Islam, Alam
Melayu dipengaruhi fahaman
Animisme dan Hindu-Buddha.
Perkembangan Islam di alam Melayu
unik kerana tiada bukti menunjukkan
kekerasan atau ekspedisi ketenteraan.
Tarikh sebenar kedatangan Islam masih
dipertikaikan. Walau bagaimanapun
terdapat beberapa bahagian di alam
Melayu yang telah menerima Islam
sejak abad ke 7 atau 8 Masehi seperti
Sumatera; sementara di Tanah Melayu
pula pada abad ke 9 dan 10 Masehi.
Ada 4 teori kedatangan Islam ke alam
Melayu:
1. Arab
2. India
3. Cina
4. Champa
Islam Dari Arab:
Hubungan dagang terjalin antara
Alam Melayu dengan Tanah Arab
sejak pra Islam dan berterusan
hingga kemunculan Islam.
Penyebaran Islam di Asia Tenggara
diterajui oleh pemerintahan Bani
Umayyah. Bagaimanapun Islam telah
tiba di rantau ini lebih awal daripada
itu.
Islam dari India:
Pandangan ini dipelopori oleh Orientalis
seperti Snauck Hurgronje dan Brian
Harisson.
Teori ini banyak kelemahannya. Ia
bergantung pada abad ke 13 sebagai
permulaan kedatangan Islam ke alam
Melayu.
Bercanggah dengan fakta yang
mencatatkan Islam telah bertapak di
rantau ini sejak abad ke 7 dan 8 lagi.
Kewujudan para
pedagang dan
pendakwah India
dalam usaha
mengembangkan
Islam ke rantau ini
bukanlah bukti
Islam di Nusantara
ini berasal dari
India.
Batu Bersurat yang ditemui
di Kuala
Brang Hulu Terengganu
adalah bukti
Islam telah bertapak di
daerah ini sejak
dahulu lagi.
Islam Dari China
Islam telah bertapak di China sejak Dinasti
Pang sekitar 650 Masehi.
Tahun 878 Masehi berlaku pemberontakan di
Canton menyebabkan 100 000 orang asing
terbunuh, menyebabkan ramai pedagang
Arab melarikan diri ke Kedah dan Pelambang.
Catatan Dinasti Sung mengatakan
kedatangan Islam ke Alam Melayu melalui
pesisir pantai laut Cina Selatan dan di bawa
oleh pedagang Islam dari Cina pada awal
abad tahun 977 Masehi.
Peta Negara China
Niu Jie
Mosque,
Beijing,
China(1362,
renovated Xian Grand
1978) Mosque
Sonjigang mosque in China
West Shanghai Mosque
The Id Gah Masjid in Kashgar, China
Inscriptions from
the stone tablets
indicate that the
Great Mosque,
located at Huajue
Lane, five minutes
walk from the Drum
Tower in the center
of Xi'an city was
originally set up in
742 AD during the
Tang Dynasty.
Islam Dari Champa:
R.A Kern
berpendapat Islam
datang dari Champa
[Indocina] atau
Kemboja & Vietnam
pada abad ke 8
Masehi.
Seiringan dengan itu
ia juga mula
bertapak di rantau
Nusantara ini.
The mosque in Hanoi is
known as 'Indian pagoda'.
Its Arabic name is Al-Noor
masjid.
It was built in 1890 and
renovated in 1950 (see
pictures).
Its address is 12 Hang
Luoc street, Kim Ma
commune, Hoan Kiem dis.,
Hanoi.
Masjid
Saigon atau
Dong Du
Masjid
1. PERLUMBAAN PENYEBARAN
AGAMA
2. PERKAHWINAN
3. PERDAGANGAN
4. POLITIK
5. PERANAN KAUM SUFI
1. Perlumbaan Penyebaran
Agama
Begitu menonjol sekitar abad ke 16-19.
Kesan kedatangan penjajah Barat ke Timur
Rasa permusuhan berterusan antara
penganut Islam dan Kristian.
Abad 15 dan 16 menyaksikan kuasa-kuasa
Barat seperti Portugis yang menjelajah
dunia Timur bertembung dengan
kekuasaan Islam yang telah lama bertapak
di rantau ini.
Wujud persaingan dalam
menyebarkan Islam dan Kristian.
Masing-masing berebut untuk
mendapat pengaruh penduduk
tempatan.
Berlaku pertentangan seperti di
Kepulauan Maluku, Ternate,
Sumatera, Ambon dan lain-lain.
Perkahwinan
Merujuk kepada perkahwinan yang
berlangsung antara wanita tempatan
dengan para pedagang yang terdiri
daripada ulama.
Perkahwinan antara raja Muslim
dengan anak raja lain yang akhirnya
turut memeluk Islam.
Perdagangan
Merupakan antara kaedah penting dalam
pengembangan agama Islam.
Hubungan dagang antara bangsa Arab
dengan alam Melayu wujud sejak zaman
pra Islam dan berterusan hingga ke
zaman Islam.
Islam sebagai agama dakwah sekaligus
mempertanggungjawabkan setiap
individu sebagai dai dan dipraktikkan
dengan baik melalui aktiviti perdagangan.
Politik dan Penaklukan
Faktor ini turut menyumbang
kepada perkembangan Islam di
rantau ini.
Dapat dibuktikan dengan
penguasaan kerajaan Islam Melaka
ke atas beberapa kawasan di
Semenanjung Tanah Melayu seperti
Perak, Pahang dan seumpamanya.
Peranan Ulama
Para ulama dengan keilmuan dan
ketakwaan mereka dapat
mempengaruhi masyarakat tempatan
untuk menerima Islam.
Kebanyakan mereka terdiri daripada
para pedagang sekaligus sufi
menjalankan usaha penyebaran Islam
di Melaka, Aceh, Demak dan
sebagainya.
PUSAT-PUSAT TAMADUN
MELAYU ISLAM